Feedback in learning Essay

1.0What is feedback?:â€Å"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great inspires† William Arthur Ward A teacher carries a big responsibility in area of learning. Some people believe a teacher’s job is to teach and a student’s job is to learn. In today’s classroom, the role of teacher is totally different. Teacher as a facilitator of learning, mentor for learner and classroom supporter. The excellent teacher will take various actions in way to help their students to be successful in their life. So that, one of the action is teacher should provide assessment feedback in way to enhance the learning. Feedback is normally something which happens as a result of cycle teaching and learning action. It can give either before, during or after the learning had been occurs. Generally, what is feedback? Is it guidance, evaluation or praise? As mentioned by Ramaprasad (1983), feedback is information about the gap be tween the actual level and the reference level of a system parameter which is used to alter the gap in some way. Furthermore, the definition by Ramaprasad also supported of new research by Shute (2007) that define the feedback as represent information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learner’s thinking or behaviour for the purpose of improving learning. Hence, in learning, feedback should usually presented as information to a student in response to some action on the current level of performance and help them to be better. Correspondingly the educationist agree that assessment feedback is an important part of learning cycle but nowadays students frequently express disappointment and frustration in relation to the conduct of the feedback process. Students may complain that feedback on assessment is unhelpful or unclear and not provide any tips to them to improve their current performance. As a result, students will always repeat the mistake until they get to know the correct answers. Studies of the impact on student learning achievement indicate that feedback has the potential to have a significant effect on student learning achievement (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Feedback should give immediately during the learning process. That can really help student to do self-reflection on their quality of learning. They can figure out did he/she in the right track and how to improve their understanding. Types of feedback: Main focus of given assessment feedback is to describes qualities of work in relation to the learning target. Teacher should give attention to the quality of their written feedback. There are two types of feedback, evaluative feedback and descriptive feedback. Evaluative feedback refers to a summary of student current achievement or performed on the particular task. This feedback is often come out with letter of grades, numbers, check marks, symbols and generals comment such as â€Å"good†, â€Å"excellent† and â€Å"need help†. While, descriptive feedback is specific or detail information in the form of written comments or conversations that help the student understand what he/she needs to do in improve their level of understanding. There are several examples of evaluative and descriptive feedback: Evaluative Feedback Descriptive Feedback â€Å"Try harder next time† â€Å"Your topic discussion is clear and have good examples, your next step might be to check back your grammatical errors† â€Å"90%! A+! Excellent Work! Keep it up!† â€Å"You’re made some simple mistakes in your calculation, remember back the formula use. Please check back the first step until the last step in your calculation for question 10.† Table 1: Examples of Evaluative and Descriptive Feedback Based on examples given, evaluative feedback more to provide a judgement on the quality of the learning task that student did while descriptive feedback focus on helps the student understand what he or she needs to do to improve their current achievement. Besides that, evaluative feedback shown to us those teachers only tells learner or students how they compare to others and descriptive feedback will provide specific information in the form of written comments or conversations more help learner. Regardless of the types of feedback given, either evaluative or descriptive, effective feedback needs to be informative, prompt and guiding. Informative feedback highlights strengths and weaknesses, giving specific examples or explanations. Prompt feedback is returned to students within an agreed timescale for the work submitted. Guiding feedback offer suggestions about how students can improve their learning. All of that combining together to help students to do better the next time. This statement also have support  by Hattie and Timperley (2007), they mention that the most improvement in student learning takes place when students got information feedback about the task and how to do more effectively. Below are examples of evaluative and descriptive feedback given by teachersFeedback as teaching style of scaffolding: As we already know, feedback provides information and guide to students by teachers about learning. That is one criteria of scaffolding. Scaffolding is the core of traditional apprenticeship. It is refers to given support that provides by expert or teacher as steps to improve their learning. It helps to reduce the gap between the student current level of understanding or performance and a desired goal. According to Hattle and Timperley (2007), they mention that depending on the nature and delivery of the feedback, it can have powerful positive effects on student learning and engagement. Beside that in the research by Assessment Reform Group (2002) , also mention that feedback as coaching and scaffolding students. The given feedback is an essential practice of assessment for learning. The process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learner and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there by helping of teachers. That the main reason why the teacher’s feedback important, providing the support necessary for student to proceed towards the next stage or level and achieving the learning goal. Student will view the feedback as improving tips in which students receive information and construct meaning to close the gap. The students need to do something based on the guided giving in the feedback. Scaffolding instructional originated from Vygotsky’s ideas on learning. Vygotsky’s comes out with two levels of learning development. The first level is Actual Development that what learner has already reached. It is the level which the learner is capable of solving problems independently. The second level is called Potential Development which the learner not capable of doing the moment but have potential to do so. Between the actual and potential levels, Vygotsky said that there was what was called a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Proximal means next. In context of feedback, it should act as scaffold by providing tips and support necessary for student to proceed the next stage or level. Without the support students may be unable to accomplish the target. As the result, students will extend their understanding and make improvement. Figure 3: ZPD (Zone of Proximal  Development) Diagram When teacher incorporate scaffolding in feedback, they become more to mentor and facilitator of knowledge rather than the dominant content expert. This teaching style that include with scaffolding will make student active role in class to achieving learning goal. Besides that, it also provides a welcoming and caring learning environment. â€Å"I take care of you and I hope you will be success in future†. Expiration in feedback on student assessment will make them realize that even they did wrong is not means he/she is stupid student. They have room to improve. As conclusion, the best assessment feedback, scaffold student to achieve the higher performance in learning target. Feedback as affective domain in learning: Since 1950’s, research have been done in cognitive theory and educationist had use the Bloom’s (1956) taxonomies of learning. Bloom has mentioned that in learning should have three learning domains. The cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. Feedback is referring to affective domain. In affective domain includes feeling, emotion, attitudes, values and motivation. As students that receiving the feedback, they need all of the aspect that include in affective domain. Teacher should play with all of these aspects. Teacher must provide clear understanding. Feedback should be brief, concise statements, in student-friendly language that describe what students are to know and be able to do at the end of feedback. Feedback can be one of the ways to encourage positive motivational belief and self-esteem. There are some ideas for motivating students. Teachers can start the feedback with praises like good job, excellent job, great, brilliant idea, â€Å"You are starting to understand this but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"This is quality work because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Two things you really did well are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and many more on what they do well. Praise the work or process that focus in achieving the learning goal. Second step, teachers proceed with intervention that tells the student what needs improving and give enough information in way to help them to do better. It can sound like â€Å"Your thinking shows†¦.†, â€Å"One thing to improve on†¦..†, â€Å"You need more†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and many more. Next step, teachers share the improvement strategies such as â€Å"Your next steps might be†¦..†, and â€Å"You might try†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The ways that teachers give the  feedback have relationship with the flow of affective domain as described by Krathwohl et.al (1964). They start with receiving, responding, valuing, organizing and ended with acting. Students will receiving the feedback as their new information of mark, wrong answers and the current level that he/she mastering the knowledge. Am I really understood or I just understand little bit? Step 2, responding. Students will respond on feedback given by teacher. They being actively participating bas ed on feedback given to achieve learning goal. Step 3, valuing. They attaching worth to feedback given and try to do correction on the task. After they do the correction, they will organize the new concept and change their existing understanding. The last is characterization. They have the correct understanding and will apply the concept in correct way without misconception. It is the effective way that feedback can help students learn better in positive environment in implement the affective domain. Feedback will demonstrate appropriate ways of enhancing the performance on the task and offer strategies that invite more learner responsibility to improve. â€Å"Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire† William Butler Yeats Feedback as reflection on learning process: Reflection needed students to capture back on their performance in the task given. It also needs students to have clear comparison about their previous performance and current performance. There are three types of reflection that suite with the feedback: reflection on your process, comparison of your performance to that of others and comparison of your performance to a set of criteria for evaluating performance (Schon, 1983). How feedback can be as reflection on learning process? Firstly, reflect on the feedback process. By feedback, students are encourages to look back at how they react and given answer on the task. Teachers will describes the qualities of work in relation to the learning targets. That can make them see how they might have done better and what they need to improve. That is the first step as feedback starter, reflect on achievement. Second, compare of student performance with others. These types of reflection are referring to evaluative feedback. In evaluative feedba ck teachers will give grades, numbers, check marks, symbols and generals comment such as â€Å"good†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"excellent† and â€Å"need help†. Based on the feedback, students analyze by comparing their performance with friends in hope he/she will motivate to achieve better. The final types of reflection are comparison of student performance to a set of criteria for evaluating performances. These are focus on intervention and improvement that include in feedback. Teachers will share idea on what students needs to improve and gives enough information so the students will knows what the next step to apply. That really show the function of feedback as reflection, facilitates the development of self-assessment in learning.Conclusion: Assessment feedback should play as important role in teaching and learning. Firstly, feedback is a way that teacher can use to determine and analyse how far your student gain the knowledge and what should you suggest to them in helping them success in mastery the knowledge. Secondly, assessment feedback will attract low achievement students to be active learner and more motivated to achieve the learning goal. Overall, assessment feedback should take as important aspect in learning process. Teacher need to apply and change the feedback given in way to help student to be success in future.

Online Learning V.S Traditional Classroom Learning

I think whether it is online learning or traditional class learning both should be taken into consideration when planning to further education. I personally did not consider the facts when I decided to further my education. I had started out in a traditional classroom but soon after realized it was not the right choice. It was hard to fully apply myself when I was attending a traditional classroom because I was a working wife and mother. Online learning and traditional learning will show that both of these are great options depending on who the student may be and which educational program the student has chosen. Online learning and traditional learning each have their merits and faults. Online degrees have become a perfect option for individuals who may not be able to enroll in a traditional classroom. When you compare the two learning classes, the biggest difference is that students studying online have the flexibility to attend classes at their own pace and time. In a campus-based classroom they require that students attend class a certain number of times every week, at specific times. Traditional class learning may not be the option for people who have children or work long hours. Learning online would be a better option for these people because they can make their own schedule for when they will attend class. Both online and traditional classes give students the opportunity to interact with other students and their professors. With a traditional classroom you can interact with students and professors face -to -face. In online learning there is no face- to -face interaction with classmates or instructors. Online learning interaction can consist of chat rooms, e-mail, main forums, and over the telephone. Traditional class students have a better advantage of understanding the materials because they can have that one –on- one time with the instructor face- to -face. It may be a little harder for online students to grasp the materials because they do not have that face- to -face interaction. Online learning and traditional class learning work assignments are similar and different in their own ways. In both online and traditional learning classes you still have assignments that have to be completed by a certain time. In the traditional class your assignments are done on paper and with online learning you have to submit your assignments on the computer. Also with traditional class learning one has the opportunity to present in front of their classmates, while online students do not have that option. They are only able to present their presentations to the instructors. In both classes you still have homework and you have to participate in class. Online learning requires you to participate and attend class a certain number of times but there is no specific times or days. They have the option to decide when that will be but with traditional class you have to attend class every day you are scheduled and participate every day. Earning a degree at a traditional college can be very expensive but obtaining a online degree can be a lot less expensive for students. Exceptionally less, but they offer students the same loan and grant benefits offered at a traditional college. Online schools and traditional schools offer the same financial aid packages. Students who attend a traditional class usually have to pay traveling cost and living cost. Online learning students do not have to pay these extra costs because they are learning from home and that requires no traveling. Also with online schools you do not have to pay for facilities like residence halls, dining halls, gyms and libraries. Most provide access to virtual libraries and some even have partnerships with local facilities. There are many similarities and differences between online learning and traditional class learning. The facts show that both are great options to consider, depending upon the person and his or her day- to- day schedule. One method to determine how well online learning and traditional class learning might work for you is to consider the benefits and disadvantages of both. Researching and planning ahead can help a person in deciding which would better fit his or her needs. I have found online learning to better fit my needs because I can make my own schedule concerning attending class. I am a mother and wife so I have many responsibilities and this option gives me time to take care of my household while still being able to obtain a degree at my own pace. Do the research to see which one is the right option for you at this time in your life. Most people think that their decision to go to college only affects them but it affects your family also. You have to still be able to do for your family and handle your business at home. I also suggest if you are attending a traditional college and it seems to be too overwhelming for you at times you should really consider trying the online learning. Becoming successful in life depends on the choices you make throughout life, whether they be good or bad choices. So choose wisely which learning class be it online learning or traditional learning is right for you and your family.

Nursing - Healing Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Healing Hospital - Essay Example Finally, the paper will include some of the biblical aspects that back up healing hospital concept. To begin with, these components include safety, respect, compassion, trust, and creating of positive results in people’s lives and health. Healing hospital involves a concept whereby a progressive or continuous loving care chain is executed throughout the entire organization using kindness and skills from every caregiver. This happens even with the leaders and is done to patients and sometimes vice versa. Workers, in health institutions are obliged to envelop or seal the spirit of real love, integration, selflessness, and compassion when handling their patients and co-workers. A point to note is that caring does not involve staff to patients alone, it also exists among the workers or staff members themselves. Spirituality begins from the top leaders to the upper management, middle management employees, and down to the normal or subordinate members. In order to successfully deal with patients and give them enough care, the staff must possess passion, a necessary and one of the core values for handling patients with enough affection and professionalism (Chapman, 2007). Passion for an individual is having passion for the passion fully irrespective of his or her disadvantages, shortcomings or mistakes. Passion for another person or patient should involved being passionate about the personality of the individual from their spirit, body and even their minds and thoughts. In considerations to all these healing components, love appears to be the fundamental or core area of healing in any hospital or health related institution. Finally, spirituality also has a great influence on the patients involved in healing process. It has a positive effect since the body, spirit and mind all work together to attain a common goal, which is ensuring health and rational personality within a person. There are several challenges affecting the process of healing hospitals. To begin with, very few people fail to comprehend spirituality due to its spirituality and many view it as a complex word in the hospital healing context. The description and definition of spirituality is always considered at the individual level and observed as innate in character. It becomes a challenging task to discover and understand someone’s beliefs in spiritual matters. Psychologically, spirituality is developed when a person is born. It always depends on the a person‘s immediate environment. Therefore, it always becomes a tough decision to influence or convince a person into believing in a given spiritual concept being introduced (Chapman, 2007). Comprehending another person’s emotions is also a hindrance and a challenge to the success of hospital healing. One may be very emotional and radical in his or her beliefs but does not show these characters until he or she is provoked. Coming up with an environment where stress has been minimized. Creation of a good envi ronment for hospital healing has also been proven to be a core hindrance to hospital healing process or efforts. Poor physical environmental condition within the hospital vicinity undoubtedly hinders hospital healing among patients and staff members as well. For instance, when the hospital is located in an area where air quality is low, the probability that patients will get healed and recover from their illness will almost be negligible. This not only affects

The Problem Of Sweatshops - A Necessary Evil Research Paper

The Problem Of Sweatshops - A Necessary Evil - Research Paper Example The truth is, that the world’s economy encourages the development of industries in regions where a desirable commodity is plentiful. In some countries, there is a valuable natural resource like oil or minerals, and in others, there is good land for agriculture. The one thing that many poor countries have in abundance is labor. Countries like India and China which have huge populations are therefore attractive places for inward investment by companies who want to keep their wage costs low. Some kinds of manufacturing, like the clothing and toy industry, requires a great many workers to finish the goods with hand work like sewing and painting. In China, there is also much less regulation in terms of building regulations, and sourcing of raw materials. This is because China has the policy to expand its industrial base and modernize its economy to compete in the world. It is only natural that such a country will exploit its main advantage of cheap and plentiful labor in this early expansion phase. Labor regulation is expensive, and Chinese factories want to continue being the most cost-effective places to produce mass products for the global market. They are only following the same path that more developed nations already had to follow many decades before. Generally, people have been deceived by the idea that sweatshops were made as a way to exploit labor. However, they often forget that sweatshops have actually provided job opportunities, capital investment, and economic growth for developing countries. ... untries like India and China which have huge populations are therefore attractive places for inward investment by companies who want to keep their wage costs low. Some kinds of manufacturing, like the clothing and toy industry, requires a great many workers to finish the goods with hand work like sewing and painting. In China there is also much less regulation in terms of building regulations, and sourcing of raw materials. This is because China has a policy to expand its industrial base and modernize its economy to compete in the world. It is only natural that such a country will exploit its main advantage of cheap and plentiful labor in this early expansion phase. Labor regulation is expensive, and Chinese factories want to continue being the most cost-effective places to produce mass products for the global market. They are only following the same path that more developed nations already had to follow many decades before. The Role of Sweatshops in a Developing Economy Generally, p eople have been deceived by the idea that sweatshops were made as a way to exploit labor. However, they often forget that sweatshops have actually provided job opportunities, capital investment, and economic growth for developing countries. Stereotypically, we believe by the definition that sweatshop factories usually pay low wages, have poor working conditions, and require long deadly hours. On the contrary, although this is partially true, what’s more important is that sweatshops still provide job opportunities and pay minimum wages according to the country’s law. Oftentimes, American corporations are put to blame for exploiting this field, but our focus should be upon enforcing international labor regulation. For example, Apple, Nike, Gap, Wal-Mart, and GE are famously known for

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CIPD NO.3 - Essay Example sions in appropriate time while keeping in consideration the important factors that can help in making better decisions or factors that can be effected due to a certain decision made. It is more than often that decisions go wrong and business suffers (Kurtz & Snowden, 2003). This dilemma is not new in organizations and it is important that while making decisions one must; The objective of the learning session is to enhance the decision making abilities of middle and senior managers of the organization, enabling them to make efficient decisions while keeping important environmental factors in consideration. Decision making is the most valued commodity these days and successful leaders aspire to improve their decision making abilities and consistently look for variables that can help them in making more informed decisions. Bad decision making can hurt the repute of the company, result in loss of revenue and lower down the employee morale while good decision making can bring wonders to the organization (Kurtz & Snowden, 2003). Using Cynefin framework, the trainer shall introduce the four decision making situations with appropriate action plans for each while differentiating between ordered and unordered scenarios (Snowden. 2000). A further explanation of how a particular decision delayed can move the issue in to complicated, complex or chaotic situations. Such a transition in situations occur due to wrong assessments, delays and conservative actions. The session also includes use of technology where employees are introduced to software that can help in making better decisions. Software like Microsoft office including project server, Visio and others. Identifying the context is an important aspect of decision making once identified the problem can be resolved by devising the appropriate solution. The learning and development activities used in the learning session on framework for decision making are appropriate because they promote experiential learning, by

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Productivity Software Usability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Productivity Software Usability - Research Paper Example The invention of computer brought a revolution. Initially, there were very few companies that were providing productivity software, whereas those software were difficult to use and could not perform advanced and complicated jobs. With the advancement in technology and invention of faster computers, the number of productivity software increased to a great extent and the existing one kept improving. Keeping in view the needs and convenience of business and individual users, companies kept introducing different varieties of these software. This fierce competition between software companies has brought revolutionary changes in the way people use computer. Now, there are thousands of software that can perform hundreds of thousands of jobs with great ease and convenience. One of the most famous productivity software suits is â€Å"Microsoft Office†. It is the market leader, used by majority of companies globally. It comes with a word processor (Word), a presentation developing software (PowerPoint), a website developing software (FrontPage), a database software (Access), a data calculation, analysis and visualizing software (Excel), brochures, flyers, business cards, etc creator and editor (Publisher), email client (Outlook), information sharing software (OneNote) and others. Since Microsoft Office is a comprehensive suite of productivity software, I will use it as an example in explaining the usability of productivity software. After that, I would be discussing more usability of these software by mentioning other examples. A word processor is a software that helps in typing anything be it a latter, legal document, report, dissertation, etc. Microsoft Word can be taken as an example. It can format a document according to your need, automatically corrects typing mistakes, helps in correcting the spelling, and puts reference for you and can

Cross Cultural Management Issues of UK, China, Spain, and Finland Essay

Cross Cultural Management Issues of UK, China, Spain, and Finland - Essay Example This paper will assess the management issues which could arise in an international team consisting of English, Chinese, Spanish and Finnish members. It will then seek to propose methods for addressing these issues and dealing with them effectively. Cross-Cultural Concepts and Issues Which Could Arise There exist many differing theories as to the way in which cultures differ considerably on several levels. One pertinent theory put forth by Maletzke (1996) categorises cultural differences into 9 groups. Although these will be briefly stated, they are relevant in assessing which problems could arise for a manager of an international group. Maletzke states that cultural differences can consist in many different categories (1996). The national character of a culture consists in the shared basic behavioural patterns and personality traits of the people in the culture. In the business arena this can be an issue if one culture, being inherently different to another, finds it difficult to und erstand, or co-operate with the other. For example, the Spanish culture is open, loud and friendly whereas the Finnish culture is formal, softly spoken and favours courteousness. This may cause the Finnish person to be offended or overwhelmed by the playful, less formal characteristics of the Spanish person. The Spanish may also overwhelm the Chinese person as Chinese tend to be more softly spoken and less verbal. Another important element of culture is time concept, which has the potential to differ greatly between cultures and cause problems when co-ordinating meetings and planning schedules. Here there exists the potential for the Chinese and the English person to conflict in that the former is less prompt for meetings, and often has no fixed start or end time whereas the English person desires a more specified form of time management. This also applies to the Spanish who may stand alone in his lack of planning, relaxed perception of time and lack of willingness to restrict his d ay to particularly planned schedules and meeting times. The space concept of culture can cause problems in that the Finnish, English and Chinese may conflict with the Spanish concept of space. The Mediterranean culture of the Spanish places little importance on private space, and may even adopt constant forms of physical contact in order to communicate and express himself. This may cause discomfort, particularly for the Finnish culture which is likely to see physical contact between mere business associates as inappropriate and even offensive. For example, the Finnish method of greeting is a simple handshake with a smile, as is the English method. The Spanish is more likely to shake hands, yet place a hand on the back of the person he greets, or even kiss the cheek of the person he greets. The two methods are rather different and have the potential to cause issues in the business arena. Perception as a facet of culture also has the potential to be an issue, in that it could represen ts which each culture defines as important and non-important. Perhaps the largest potential of raising issues is the language and non-verbal communication of each culture. Of course, different languages are a major problem, though more importantly, even if

Language Investigation, Language Production, Commentary Coursework

Language Investigation, Language Production, Commentary - Coursework Example The first text by Thompson exhibits strong characteristics of grammatical as well as lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion is based on the structure of the text that is presented in prose form with well-developed paragraphs. The paragraphs build on each other with well-constructed thoughts completing the lexical cohesion of the text. The opening paragraph tackles the issue of texting amongst teenagers and the views of different people, which builds to the second paragraph describing the views of a scientist. This format develops throughout the article with one thought building to the next. The second article by Niemer offers an excellent base for linguistic scrutiny owing to the cohesion and general arrangement of the article. The article is aimed at expounding on the positive and negative features associated with social media and this is broken down into different subtitles covering different aspects of the topic. The subtitles are arranged systematically advancing the views of the author supported by previous research work. The author approaches different aspects of the topic through research questions that have determined answers. The points indicate different views on the positive and negative attribute of social media. The use of phonology is emphasized by the short and precise sentence structure adhered to in the text. McCann’s article has little structure visible from the general outlook as it is divided into large paragraphs divided to support differing aspects of the debate.

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Do we need government If so, what should be its role - Essay Example The most significant part of the economy stability is the Fiscal responsibility. Debts of the government can easily be an economy burden and make its foundations weak. Sound microeconomic policies improve the government credibility and strengthen the institutions of politics. Therefore, the government has a responsibility in stabilizing the economy. Government acts as policymakers in the role of gaining a stable economic environment for growth in economics. It defends and enforces property rights, maintain currency stability and give an oversight assurance to private citizens on accountability of their transaction partners. Therefore, it allows the participants in the market to start placing their resources again to work in most beneficial areas (Atkinson, 1997). The economy performs with a massive and increasing the amount of regulation. The appointed regulators introduce price controls mainly in most utilities like electricity, telecommunication and gas (Barr, 2004). Economists of free markets criticize the control scales in the economy saying that it forms unnecessary costs burdens for businesses. Therefore, regulation can impose new competition in the market. For example, attempt to impose competition for the British Telecom. President Barack Obama responsibility on Fiscal last February showed his understanding on the need of Fiscal discipline. The president’s proposed budget and Congress enactment of Reinvestment Act and the American recovery make the goal of a budget that is sustainable (Geoft, 2013). It also addresses long-termed nation’s fiscal priorities like liabilities entitlement, even vaguer. The government controls the country debt deficit to stabilize the economy. Large deficit can lead to instability of prices and inflation if it finances the deficit through printing money. Inflation is as a result of depreciation of the currency that makes goods from foreign countries more expensive. Hence, it results to

A Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

A Research Proposal Essay 1. Introduction Along with economy and technology are all developing rapidly in recent years, it is significant that globalization has become an overwhelming trend in all  walks of life. Benefit from this process above, the global markets can be bounded together in multi-cultural environments and become more complicated than ever before (Park and Reisinger, 2009). Thus, it is important for companies to conduct accurate market segmentation before access to a new market nowadays (Schmitt, 1997). The research aims to find out the differences in customers’ attitudes to luxury brands in China and UK, under various cultural backgrounds. To be exact, as cultural diversity will lead to differences in consumers’ needs, consuming behaviour and values, I decide to write the research proposal in view of culture segmentation. In terms of religion and country, objective factors such as various geographical environments, the heritage of history and culture, the outside culture and so on, all of these will bring about cultural difference (Schmitt, 1997). In addition, from a social perspective, cultural differences will be caused by people’s occupation, education and economic status, etc. As the largest developing country, China has become a huge potential market. Besides, since China is a vast country, itself has the character of cultural diversity. In addition, the effect of foreign culture to China has been for a long time, Chinese cultural constitution is much more complicated. Generally speaking, have a right reorganization of the customers’ perception differences between China and UK will be beneficial to British luxury brands enter Chinese market. Since there is a wealth gap between inland and eastern region in china, and the latter has a stronger economic strength, it will be the major luxury goods market (Schmitt, 1997). Therefore, this research will be conducted at several main cities in eastern China and costal areas, they are Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, separately. In UK, we will launch the survey at five cities in England, they are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Sheffield. The informants who are selected should match several conditions, for instance, on the one hand, the respondents’ minimum annual income should above 40,000GBP/400,000CNY. They should be 35 years old to 40 years old, on the other hand. In this proposal, I will apply the method of combining qualitative research and quantitative research. Before quantitative research, I have to know luxury market situation in these two countries and relevant theories and fundamental conception about  cultural diversity in segmentation, demographic segmentation and so on. First of all, I should collect and analyse existing relevant document and data, it mainly consist of micro-economic environment, industrial policy and social environment. To be specific, first, micro-economic environment includes several sections such as the operation of national economy (GDP), households’ incomes and Engel coefficient. Secondly, the policy of luxury industry has a direct effect on the ease or complexity of luxury market entry. Therefore, I should analyse industrial policies, the situation of market regulation and the last part, the systems of customs and tax. Thirdly, social environment is influenced by regional culture, thus, cultural context analysis is critical. Moreover, the analyses of demographic environment, education environment and consuming concept are integral parts, too. Then, as qualitative research method has clarified the research question, quantitative research will be carried out by 1000 copies of questionnaires, both China and UK have 500 copies of questionnaires each, and every city share 100 copies of questionnaires. The questionnaire will be launched in the form of network, which is efficient, convenient and low-cost. By comparing these two countries’ customers’ perception degree of luxury goods and other aspects such as their education level, the purpose of purchase and customers’ preferable buying channel, we may find that the Chinese consumers’ consuming behavior of luxury have some more significant characteristics than British customers’. To be precise, a lot of Chinese customers buy luxury goods may have three reasons basically. The first reason is flaunting their rich. They want to show their sense of identity and social status by wearing luxury clothes, bags and shoes. The second reason is following the crowd. Due to various factors, for example, literacy level, most Chinese consumers have low cognitive degree of luxury goods and low sensitive to fashion trend. They always buy luxury blindly and without thinking independently about how to mach clothes, colours and choose accessories appropriately. The third reason is characteristic consumption. Luxury clothing brand usually have unique brand concept and distinctive brand image. Beside, luxury clothing brand has excellent design and high quality, so it can show amazing tastes of wearers. Furthermore, as its high price positioning, luxury clothing brand has less awkward situation of  outfits clash. All in all, after the research, we will have a clear understanding of the different attitudes to luxury clothing brands of consumers in China and UK. Due to this, British luxury clothing brands can know target market well and regard this as reference when they formulate marketing strategies. 2. Literature review In recent 20 years, global luxury markets are getting more considerable, because of this, luxury brands have drawn a lot of researchers’ attention (Atsmon et al., 2011). In this section, there are several parts as below. The first part is general backgrounds. The second part is a review of theories on segmentation and motivation. The third part reviews those documents which from different perspectives to compare consumers’ different attitudes to luxury brands in China and UK and conclusion at last. 2.1 General backgrounds Along with the gradual development of luxury markets these years, a mass of luxury brands are growing rapidly and have a share in markets. They have established corporate image and brand conception in the public. This can be clearly illustrated in a research which was conducted by Verdict Research (2007), as the largest and most mature luxury market, Europe would experience a growth of $ 62bn from 2007($ 101bn) to 2012($163bn). Followed by Americathe second largest luxury market would be replaced by Asia Pacific region (exclude Japanese luxury market) in 2012. What is more, Asia Pacific area would be the luxury market which developing the fastest, and the Middle East would come the next. Before study the luxury market, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of luxury concept. In accordance with Phau and Prendergast (2000), luxury should be unique, outstanding, magical, and sensual. A more simple description of luxury was put forward by Mandhachitara and Lockshin (2004) that luxury stood for high price. While Danziger (2005) argued that luxury was ‘from class to mass’, which meant that the luxury goods would finally be popular and of civilian, though it  used to be high-class. In a nut shell, it is important for companies to understand luxury concept and luxury market properly, and then they can find out the critical factors which will affect customers consuming behaviour of luxury goods. 2.2 Theories on segmentation and motives First of all, the theoretical backgrounds of market segmentation. In contemporary market, Wedel and Kamakura (2000) argued that due to the diversity of consumer needs and the complication of marketing techniques, the mass marketing method can’t be applied in many market situations. According to Dibb and Simkin (1996), market segmentation could help marketers to cope with kinds of customer needs in a resource-efficient way. In accordance with Lindridge and Dibb (2002), the ultimate principle of market segmentation theory was that the discrimination of product needs and consuming behaviour could benefit from the possibility of ‘customers can be grouped using variables’. Second, the concept of market segmentation. Second, the original definition of market segmentation was put forward by Smith (1956), he argued that ‘a condition of growth when core markets have already been developed on a generalised basis to the point where additional promotional expenditures a re yielding diminishing returns’. In line with Kotler and Armstrong (1980, p291-306), market segmentation variables could be divided into four crucial fields—geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioural segmentation. According to Beane and Ennis (1987), geographic segmentation referred to factors such as area, population density and climate. Besides, customer demands and requirements solutions would be different as a market was divided up geographically. Demographic segmentation included basic variables like ‘age, sex, size and type of family, income educational level, race and nationality’ (Beane and Ennis, 1987). In addition, Demographic segmentation could be applied excellently as the segments were obvious. Third, the motive of consumer purchasing. In accordance with Leibenstein (1950), there were basically three kinds of motivations—mass psychology, uniqueness and exclusiveness. To be more exact, first of all, mass psychology means people who want to realize social value by trying to get the recognition of other  people in the group they belong. Next, uniqueness means that individuals in groups want to be particular and outstanding, and can be easily discriminated from the crowds. In other words, everyone wants to be a Triton of the minnows. Finally, exclusiveness can be explained as people who like to flaunt their wealth, highlight the status and identity through wearing luxury clothing, bag and so on. What is more, based on previous studies conducted by other researchers, Vigneron and Johnson (1999) considered that consumer purchase motivations could be distributed to five parts—mass psychology, uniqueness, exclusiveness, hedonism and perfectionism. Hedonic consumption is about the whole experiences in purchasing goods. Perfectionism is considered to have kinds of dimensions fundamentally. Additionally, Danziger (2005) carried out a luxury survey in American wealthy classes and labeled the consumers into four groups—‘the iconoclastic butterflies, the indulgent X-fluent (extreme affluent), the luxury cocooners and the luxury aspirers’. 2.3 Current researches about the similar topic of the proposal As cultural difference has an impact on the way of purchased merchandise and how much money a consumer spend (Thomson and Cutler, 1997), the consumers’ purchasing behavior appears to vary from country to country. According to Schmitt (1997), he carried out a consumer behaviour survey in China which was based on demographic segmentation. The author considered age and sex as variables, divided the samples into four segments, namely, two female groups consist of women aged 19 to 25 and aged 30 to 45; two male groups consist of the same two ages as women’s. He found that in older groups, women tend to products’ ‘value and convenience’, while men bought goods they need or the requirements of family members. On the contrary, young females among young people had a poor concept with money, they advocate brands and over-spent. Besides, they are easily effected buy some fashion movies. Another similar survey was launched by subsidiaries of Louis Harris in 2005 (Schmitt, 1997), three variables of demographic segmentation—income, educational level and occupation were considered. What is more, Hauck and Stanforth (2007) considered that the most potential consumers of luxury market in China would be those who were born in 1980s, and there might have 300 million rich men  among them. Thus, the main force of luxury goods consumption should be at the age of 20 to 40 years old in China. However, the mainly consumers of luxury goods in UK were older than those in China, they were aged from 40 to 70years old. Beside, as young consumers, especially those who are rich and well-educated, tend to accept new goods more easily than older customers (Schmitt, 1997), Chinese consumers of luxury goods are more willing to try new products than British consumers relatively. 2.4 Conclusion The cultural diversity will affect consumer’s different consuming behaviour, perception of luxury and so on (Park, Reisinger, 2009). As a large luxury market, China has attracted more foreign investiments as well as some British luxury brands. Theories of segmentation, motivation and consuming behavior are relevant to culture. It is important for British luxury brand to have a clear understanding of Chinese market and form feasible marketing strategies. However, there are several shortcomings in some existing studies. First, a majority of current researches lack of data support. Second, though some studies have collected relevant data, the data is not reliable and scientific. Because luxury market survey needs a huge amount of data collection and its scale is large, most studies do not have enough data proving. This research aims to collect primary data by questionnaires and then analyse the differences of customer’s consuming behaviour between China and UK. Finally, a further theoretical study can be constituted. 3. Methodology and Feasibility This section is divided into three parts. The first part is the introduction to the methodologies which is applied in this proposal. The second part relates to research procedure, description of sample and data collection. The last part is about proposal feasibility analysis. 3.1 Methodology In this study, I combine qualitative research method with quantitative  research method to collect second-hand sources and first-hand data. First of all, qualitative research. It derives from the social science, tend to study problems, recognize kinds of social phenomenon, analyse people’s behaviour and then give answers to those questions (Sandelowski, 1986). It is a way to definite an issue and address it. According to Shank (2002, P5), qualitative research is ‘a form of systematic empirical inquiry into meaning’. Moreover, quantitative research can identify intangible factors clearly, for example, social norms, gender roles and so on Sandelowski (1986). In line with Mays and Pope (1995), the methods of qualitative research include focus group, in-depth interviews, Delphi technique, direct observation, case study, etc. In addition, there are three ways to generate data—individual interviews, group interviews and contextual data. Contextual data mainly consist of observations, reports and other written data and oral data. I apply the literature research method, namely, literature review, to set up framework of theories. As a result, I can have a clear structure of the research and better understanding of relevant theories. Secondly, quantitative research. It can be described as a procedure about collecting valid data and analyzing valid numerical data scientifically. Then, we can get generalisable conclusions (Pekrun, et al., 2002). According to Luborsky, etc. (1971), quantitative research is suitable for survey about comparing two groups, thus, we can use it in the research. as the samples are large in the research, questionnaires should be a good method to collect original data which belongs to quantitative research method. Since I do the questionnaire survey on the internet, there is no time-and-space restriction. 3.2 Research design and data collection methods There are mainly two data collection methods used in this research—statistical data (secondary data) and questionnaire. Reviewing previous findings by others are a low-cost way to information and get an entire understanding of the research field we work in. Questionnaire is a convenient and efficient way to get raw data from markets, as I undertake it via internet, the costs are low. Next, I will explain how these two methods  are applied in the research. As the research needs to compare the consumers’ attitudes to luxury in China and UK, the size of samples and the scope of survey are large. Before structure a questionnaire to collect first-hand data from potential target customers, we have to know what the problem is, what intangible influencing factors are and so on. Therefore, we need to look up and quote amounts of secondary materials from websites, books, journals and authoritative organizations. These academic data should relevant to existing correlation theories, luxury market environment both in China and UK which involves policies like tax and customs, income level, current purchasing channels, etc. It would be a strong support for further survey after the data are classified into categories. The questionnaires can be constructed on the base of previous qualitative research I mentioned above. All the questions in questionnaire are based on two themes—the motivation of consumers’ luxury consuming, the pattern of consumers’ luxury consuming. In order to carry out the questionnaires, we follow the method of quota sampling to select samples by several variables as below: age: 35—40 years old income: above 40,000GBP/400,000CNY region: china—Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen; UK—London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Sheffield After the sample selection, we can conduct a hundred pieces of questionnaires in those cities separatelyï ¼Å'one thousand pieces in total. After getting the questionnaire feedbacks, the data need to be summarized and then, analysed by the software SPSS. 3.3 Feasibility Study First, in terms of schedule, this research process consist of 12 sections which clearly be illustrated in table 1. In order to complete the whole research, I will take 4months long to run it. In terms of time arrangement,  in particular, I set aside one week in case some of the twelve sections may not be finished on time. Besides, I will use the payback method in online questionnaire survey. Thus, respondents’ feedback can be collect in a short time. Second, financial feasibility analysis. As I mentioned above, I will carry on a paid survey. To be specific, in UK, I will pay 1pound per questionnaire on the website ‘surveycompare’. In China, I will conduct the survey on the website ‘opinionworld’ and pay 0.6 pound each. All in all, the general expenditure is 800 pound. Third, in terms of universal scope, as the 1000 respondents are selected from 10 cities in China and UK, the field of investigation is wide and the samples are dispersive. However, we do questionnaire survey online which is not limited by region. General speaking, as China is the largest luxury market in Asia and going to be the core market in the whole world (Verdict Research, 2007), it is high time that British luxury brands developed Chinese luxury market. As analysed feasibility in schedule, expenditure and universal scope above, the research is worth being taken into practice. 4. Timetable This research project will last four months long to carry out a serious of activities. I build up a table as below to explain the research time schedule. Table 1: time schedule for the research As the table shows, there is a week time left before report submission, it is in order to avoid any previous sections running out of time. List of References Journal articals: Beane, T. P. Ennis, D. M. (1987) Market Segmentation: A Review European Journal of Marketing 21 (5), 20 – 42. Hauck, W. Stanforth, N. (2007) Cohort Perception of Luxury Goods and Services Journal of Fashion Marketing Management 11 (2), 175-188. Leibenstein, H. (1950) Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers Demand The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2 (64), 183-207. Luborsky, L. et al (1971) Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research Psychological Bulletin 75 (3), 145-185. Lindridge, A. Dibb, S. (2003) Is ‘culture’ a justifiable variable for market segmentation? A cross-cultural example Journal of Consumer Behaviour 2 (3), 269–286. Mays, N. Pope, C. (1995) Rigour and qualitative research British Medical Journal 311 (6997), 109-12. Mandhachitara, R. Lockshin, L. (2004) Fast moving luxury goods: Positioning strategies for Scotch whisky in Thai department stores International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 32 (6), 312-319. Park, S. Reisinger, Y. (2009) Cultural differences in shopping for luxury goods: Western, Asian, and Hispanic tourists Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing 26 (8), 762–777. Phau, I. Prendergast, G. (2000) Consuming luxury brands: The relevance of the ‘‘Rarity Principle’’ Journal of Brand Management 8 (2), 122-138. Smith, W. R. (1956) ‘Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies’ Journal of Marketing July, 21 (1), 3–8. Sandelowski, M. (1986) The problem of rigor in qualitative research Advances in Nursing Science 8 (3), 27-37. Schmitt, B. (1997) who is the Chinese Consumer? Segmentations in People’s Republic of China European Management Journal 15 (2), 191-194. Thomson, C., Cutler, E. (1997). The effect of nationality on tourist arts: The case of the Gambia, West Africa International Journal of Hospitality Management 16 (2), 225-229. E-journal: Pekrun, R. et al (2002) Academic Emotions in Students Self-Regulated Learning and Achievement: A Program of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Educational Psychologist [online] 37 (2): 91-105. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1207/S15326985EP3702_4#tabModule [Accessed 3rd January 2013] Sandelowski, M. 2000 Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis Techniques in Mixed-Method Studies Research in Nursing Health [online] 23 (3), 246–255. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1098-240X(200006)23:3%3C246::AID-NUR9%3E3.0.CO;2-H/abstract [Accessed 2nd January 2013] Vigneron, F. Johnson, L. W. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige†seeking consumer behavior Academy of Marketing Science Review [online] 1999 (1). Available from: http://www.amsreview.org/articles/vigneron01-1999.pdf [Accessed 2nd January 2013] Book: Danziger, P. N. (2005) Let them Eat the Cake: Marketing Luxury to the Masses as Well as the Classes Chicago: Dearborn Trade Publishing 1åˆ °8é ¡ µ Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (1980) Principles of Marketing 13th ed. London: Pearson Dibb, S. and Simkin, L. (1996) The Market Segmentation Workbook, International Thomson Press, London, UK Wedel, M. Kamakura, A. W. (2000) Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Website: Atsmon, Y. et al (2011). McKinsey Company [online] Understanding China’s growing love for luxury. Retrieved 14 June Website: Available from: http://csi.mckinsey.com/Knowledge_by_region/Asia/China/chinaluxury2011.aspx [Accessed 1st January 2013] Bain study (2011) INSIGHT [online] Bain Company. Available from: http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/2011-china-luxury-market-study.aspx [Accessed 1st January 2013] Verdict Research (2007) Business Insight [online] United Kindom. Available from: http://www.verdict.co.uk/Marketing/dmvt0388m.pdf[Accessed 1st January 2013]

Medea Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Medea Greek Mythology Essay When Medea decides to take matters in to her own hands, about punishing the people who have done wrong to her, she is accused of wanting not justice—vengeance. Because I am not a native of neither Corinth nor Colchis, I have my own view about her motives. However, I would agree with the Corinthian Women, Medea is seeking vengeance; not justice. Some people might argue that Medea is seeking justice. When in actuality, Medea wants vengeance. The opposition would say justice took place because the Gods allowed Medea the time to perform her various acts. Although these things happened Medea turned to vengeance when she took it upon herself to kill Creon and his daughter Creusa. Even the chorus, the â€Å"ideal spectators†, implies that Creon is a poor king when, after he banishes Medea, the First Corinthian Woman sympathizes, â€Å"I am of Corinth and I say that Corinth is not well ruled. †(1. 214-216). This quote gives us proof that Medea has some sort of reason to seek revenge on Creon. However she lets her hatred exceed its boundaries and allows herself to take the lives of the King of Corinth and its Princess all because they chose Jason over her. In addition, her actions all prove that she wants Jason to do more than pay for hurting her. She wants him to suffer at the fate of her own children. Her revenge was selfish. Medea involved the two things she knew would hurt Jason the most—her own children. According to the First Corinthian Woman, â€Å"It would be better for you, Medea if the earth opened her jaws and took you down into darkness. But one thing you will not do, for you cannot, you will not hurt your own children, though wrath like plague-boils aches, your mind in a fire-haze bites the purple apples of pain. No blood-lapping beast of the field, she-bear nor lioness, nor the lean wolf-bitch, hurts her own tender whelps; nor the yellow-eyed, seythe-beaked, and storm shouldered eagle that tears the lambs has ever made prey of the fruit of her own tree. †(2. 115-126). Keep in mind that the Corinthian Women are the conscious of Corinth. Through this quote the First Corinthian Women has stated that Medea could not harm her own children. She even gives examples of the most dangerous predators that don’t even harm their own young. This is evidence that Medea went beyond the state of justice; but she went well into the state of vengeance. Medea knew what she was doing and quite frankly she could care less about anything other than what she thought of what was seeking revenge on Jason. In conclusion, vengeance was sought by Medea. She went above the fact of teaching Jason a lesson; she even stated she hated Jason more than she loved her children. Answer this question is what Medea has done entertaining or morally instructive?

Case Study Claim For Damages In Negligence Scenario Law Essay

Case Study Claim For Damages In Negligence Scenario Law Essay In seeking to effectively advise Steve and Tina in relation to whether they have a claim/claims for damages arising out of the facts of this scenario for negligence, it is necessary to look to deal with the evidentiary aspects that are considered to be involved with the claim. As a result, this will involve looking to provide for recognition of the evidence that both Steve and Tina would be required to present (including any particular witness evidence) related to the need for there to be a recognised duty of care that was breached that was proximate leading to a recognised harm in fact so as to then be able to serve to substantiate each of their claims as they arise. Moreover, there is also a need to look to comment on as to how successful Steve and Tinas claims would be in looking to take account of the evidence that is available along with any defences that may possibly be levied on the facts. With this in mind, this means that it is necessary in advising Steve and Tina to look to analyse the facts as they are presented and give reasons for the view that is given whilst also referring to any relevant case law and/or legislative provisions as and when and where they are considered to be applicable in relation to each of the points made individually and collectively. Finally, this essay will look to conclude with a summary of the key points that have been derived from this discussion with a view to then advising Steve and Tina with regard to as to whether they have a claim/claims for damages arising out of this scenario as it is presented on the facts. First, with a view to effectively advising Steve and Tina, there is a need to show an understanding of the fact that, whilst the burden of proof in a given case is dependent upon the circumstances that lead to the particular claims arising on the facts. However, in the case of civil actions for damages, such as those arising on the facts of this scenario that Steve and Tina are now looking to claim for, the burden of proof normally falls upon the party that is affirming something to be the case (i.e. Steve and Tina) and not upon the party that is looking to make a denial (i.e. the other parties that are involved on the facts).  [1]   Nevertheless, it is also to be appreciated that, by majority, the House of Lords recognised in the case of Re H Others  [2]  that, the more serious an allegation was that was made on the facts, the less likely it was going to prove to be true so there was a need for stronger and more weightier evidence to be provided to prove it in the circumstances. On this basis, the legal burden falls upon Steve and Tina for establishing the essential elements of their respective claims for damages for negligence on the basis of the facts of this scenario and advise Steve and Tina accordingly. Therefore, Tina and her husband Steve (who was driving) were going along a lane in the country one summers evening at 8.00pm beside North Berwick to their favourite restaurant The Crusty Crab for a meal whose entrance is also an exit and consists of a very sharp blind bend that is used by both goods and customer vehicles. The problem is that as Steve approached the entrance to the restaurant car park at The Crusty Crab, he slowed down, but confidently took the bend worried that they would be late for their table booking since they were concerned that it might be given away but, as he entered the restaurant grounds, he collided with a large Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) that was reversing out onto the lane. Therefore, in advising Steve and Tina regarding their claims for negligence against the other parties involved on the facts and the evidence as it stands, it is to be appreciated that the recognition of a duty of care is ostensibly a legal obligation that is usually placed on an individual like Steve (who was driving), the HGV driver, the owners of The Crusty Crab, and Dr Bill so they must adhere to a reasonable standard of care to avoid foreseeable harm to others. This effectively means it is for the plaintiffs (i.e. Steve and Tina) to articulate a duty of care which one or more of the defendants has breached to proceed with a negligence claim because breaching a duty of care may subject them to liability.  [3]   In addition, there is also a need to articulate what is understood in relation to evidence of the duty of care in the claims brought against the defendant in any given case who is found to be in breach of such a duty of care in the event their conduct has fallen short of the standard they were expected to meet respectively in the circumstances. Generally, any defendant like Steve, the HGV driver, the owners of The Crusty Crab needs to provide evidence with a view to then meeting the standard of what is considered aspirational for a reasonable man  [4]  fundamentally revolved around the idea the standard of objectivity expected is based on what could be expected of a reasonable person because perfection cannot be expected.  [5]   On this basis, it is necessary to advise Steve and Tina that there will be a need to consider whether Steve and the HGV drivers actions are in keeping with the actions of reasonable people on the facts and also as to whether the owners of The Crusty Crab were reasonable in having a blind entrance and exit used by both customer and goods vehicles. Ostensibly, Steve and Tina will be advised that the court must first consider what the defendants knew so that the witness statements of the parties will become of great significance because, to illustrate the point, it was found in the case of Roe v. Minister of Health  [6]  that a defendant will only be liable if a reasonable person would have also foreseen the loss or damage in the circumstance. However, it is also to be appreciated that the eggshell skull rule recognises a victim of harm should be taken as they are found so if they have a particular unknown defect that makes them more susceptible to injury than the person inflicting the injury can still be held liable.  [7]  In addition, it is also necessary to advise Steve and Tina in relation to the degree of risk because it has come to be understood that the greater the risk that is involved with a particular activity, the greater the precautions that were needed on the facts.  [8]   This effectively means that it will have been necessary to look to see whether the entrance and exit at The Crusty Crab was effectively delineated in view of the fact that it was a blind turn, as to whether the HGV driver had his warning lights on and reversing warning system enabled and was also driving slowly and with due care and attention. More importantly, however, there is a need to note that the driver of the HGV actually had what is considered to be adequate turning space on the evidence of the facts as they stand to turn the vehicle in the car park of the restaurant as opposed to reversing out so that he would have had more awareness of other road users in the way that most other people would have done when faced with the same situation. Similarly, Steve and Tina need to be advised that, when looking to enter the car park, it is open to question as to whether Steve was driving with due care and attention and was looking to enter the car park at The Crusty Crab on the basis of the facts as they stand here. It is then necessary for the court to look to consider how practical these precautions were in advising Steve and Tina since, for example, in the case of Wilson v. Governor of Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Primary School  [9]  a primary school was deemed not negligent for not employing someone to supervise the playground after the close of school hours so the test for how practical precautions are is about looking to strike a balance of reasonableness of precautions against foreseeable injury. Moreover, there is a need to evaluate the social importance of a defendants activity because in the event that a defendants actions are deemed socially useful they may then be considered justified for taking greater risks  [10]   although that is unlikely to be the case here. Finally, in effectively advising Steve and Tina there is a need to evaluate as whether there is any common practice in relation to the acts and omissions of each of the given defendants on the evidence. This is because it has been recognised that, in the event that a defendant in a given case is found to have complied with common practice in their activity, they will usually be considered to have met a reasonable standard, unless the court considers the practice negligent.  [11]   At the same time, however, in advising Steve and Tina with regard to the claims brought there is a need to consider the matters of proximity and remoteness in relation to whether there enough evidence to show the events transpired are considered sufficiently related to a legally recognisable injury to be its cause through the consideration of causation in terms of the but for test and proximate cause. The but for test is on the fact a defendant will only be liable where the claimants injuries would not have occurred but for their negligence i.e. the HGV driver, the owners of The Crusty Crab, and Stevel although the defendant will not be deemed liable if the damage would, or could, on the balance of probabilities have occurred anyway because the loss or injury sustained by Steve and Tina must not be too remote to ensure any liability is fairly placed on the right defendant.  [12]   Therefore, the issue of causation in relation to Steve and Tinas claim for damages for negligence primarily relates to the causal relationship between conduct and result to connect conduct, complete with actus reus, with the resulting harm  [13]  in a concerted effort to produce results that are generally considered to be both just and fair in their nature.  [14]   Steve and Tina also need to be advised with regard to as to whether Dr Bills activities as a third party in providing the couple with medical treatment at the hospital effectively serves to break the chain of causation regarding the acts of the other potential defendants. With a view to making a decision, this is largely dependent upon whether the intervention in question was foreseeable with the general rule being that the original defendant will be held responsible for harm caused by a third party so long as it was a highly likely occurrence.  [15]  In advising Steve and Tina in this regard there is a need to consider whether there is a Novus Actus Interveniens (i.e. a new act intervening) and is thus considered a general defence in the law of tort. This is because a third partys act (like that of Dr Bill) will serve to intervene between the original act or omission and the damage produced as a result, unless that original act or omission is still considered the main contributing factor to the damage because the act of the third party had no impact upon the events as they unfolded.  [16]   This is because this could amount to a third partys inadvertent contribution since, for example, in R v. Cheshire  [17]  the victim was shot and taken to hospital where he suffered pneumonia and other respiratory problems and was placed in intensive care where he was given a tracheotomy but still later died. The court found there was an element of medical negligence because the tracheotomy the patient had been given caused a thickening of the patients tissue leading to his suffocation. As a result, Lord Justice Beldam established the following test that recognised Even though negligence in the treatment of the victim was the immediate cause of his death, the jury should not regard it as excluding the responsibility of the accused unless the negligent treatment was so independent of his acts, and in itself so potent in causing death, that they regard the contribution made by his acts as insignificant.  [18]   At the same time, however, in effectively advising Steve and Tina it is to be appreciated that, whilst there may have been an element of contributory negligence related to Steves injuries (in the accident he sustains whiplash injuries to his neck and bruising to his chest caused by the impact of his seatbelt) if the evidence shows that he was failing to fulfil his duty of care to drive with due care and attention in the interests of his passenger (i.e. Tina) and other road users (i.e. like the HGV driver), Tina may also have contributed to her own injuries. This is because of the fact that, seconds before the vehicles collided, Tina took off her seatbelt in anticipation of getting out of the car quickly to rush into the restaurant because of being late for their reservation so as to sustain similar, but more serious, whiplash injuries to Steve. As a result, as a victim, Tina effectively contributed to her own injuries illustrated by the decision in the case of R v. Dear.  [19]  In this case on the facts a man, believing the victim had sexually interfered with his daughter, attacked the victim with a knife. The defendant then argued the chain of causation had been broken because the victim later committed suicide so it became necessary to determine whether the injuries inflicted by the defendant were a significant cause of, or contribution to, the victims death. Nevertheless, as to whether the resumption or continuation of that bleeding was deliberately caused by the victim, the defendants conduct remained the most significant cause of death.  [20]  . As for the matter of Steve and Tina being taken to the local hospital, Steve and Tina also need to be advised in relation to their treatment by a junior doctor, Bill, (inexperience is no defence so a junior staff member should always seek help from a more experienced staff member  [21]  ) who has just read an article in a medical journal about a new and experimental treatment using acupuncture for whiplash injuries written by the Chairman of the Acupuncture Society, Dr. D. Odgy. The Acupuncture Society involves a group of doctors who support the use of acupuncture as much as possible in the treatment of common road traffic injuries and so, on the basis of the aforementioned article, Bill treats both Steve and Tina with acupuncture. As a result of this treatment, their injuries become worse so that both Steve and Tina have to return to hospital 3 weeks later to be treated conventionally when they then feel much better and recover within days. Steve and Tina need to be advised that this is effectively an example of medical negligence perpetrated by Dr Bill. This is because, as professional people, medical personnel are held ready to give medical advice or treatment so someone like Bill also impliedly undertakes they are possessed of skill and knowledge for a purpose equivalent to any reasonable practitioner and cannot be held to the same standard as an ordinary person.  [22]  This effectively means that the standard of care becomes what can be expected of a similar reasonable professional doctor like Bill a special standard of care.  [23]   Therefore, as to whether or not someone like Bill is a registered medical practitioner,  [24]  it is also to be appreciated in advising Steve and Tina that someone like Bill who is consulted by a patient is commonly considered to owe them a duty of care on the basis of the recognition of the evidence on the facts since that is what they are trained to do in exercising reasonable care and skill in diagnosing, advising and treating them  [25]  and them alone.  [26]   As a result, Steve and Tina need to be advised that a breach of this duty of care on the part of Dr Bill to Steve and Tina causing an exasperation of their personal injury claims will serve to support a claim for negligence on the facts by the patient along with some compensation for any financial loss accrued on this basis.  [27]   In advising Steve and Tina, however, there is a need to recognise that an error of judgment will not necessarily amount to a claim for damages for an act of negligence on the part of Dr Bill unless it would not have been made by a reasonably competent practitioner acting in keeping with an ordinary duty of care that is judged against the current state of professional knowledge  [28]  or where there are differing and well-established professional schools of thought.  [29]   This is because, as has already been recognised, Dr Bill had just read an article in a medical journal about a new and experimental treatment using acupuncture for whiplash injuries written by Dr. D. Odgy as Chairman of the Acupuncture Society that involves doctors who support the use of acupuncture in the treatment of common road traffic injuries. However, on the basis of the available evidence, Steve and Tina need to be advised that the treatment that was administered to them by Dr Bill will be held to be negligent. Therefore, this would serve to make him and potentially the hospital also vicariously liable as Dr Bills employer if it cannot be shown to the courts satisfaction the opinion relied upon is reasonable or responsible  [30]  unless (i) there is a practice normally and usually utilised; (ii) the defendant has not adopted it; and (iii) the course of action is one that no professional of ordinary skill would have taken had they been acting with ordinary care.  [31]   To conclude, having sought to advise Steve and Tina in relation to whether they have a claim/claims for damages arising out of the facts of this scenario, it is to be appreciated that it has been necessary to look to consider what is ostensibly involved with a successful claim for damages for negligence against each of the defendants as they are identified on the facts. To this effect, as has already been recognised, there is a need for Steve and Tina to make successful claims for negligence on the basis of their being (i) a duty of care; (ii) with a breach of that duty; (iii) that was proximate and not too remote; (iv) leading to recognised harm in fact.  [32]   On this basis, it would seem arguable that it is possible for Steve and Tina to look to raise claims for damages for negligence against the HGV driver, the owners of The Crusty Crab restaurant and Dr Bill (along with a claim against Steve by Tina although this may be unlikely as it will most likely depend on the nature of their relationship and as to whether Tina blames him in anyway). But at the same time there is also a need to appreciate that, in advising Steve and Tina, both of them may have actually contributed to their own injuries in view of the fact that Steve may have breached his duty of care by driving without due care and attention and the fact that Tina released her own seatbelt before the car that Steve was driving in came to a halt. In addition, it is arguable that there was a novus actus interveniens in this case that only served to further exacerbate the injuries that both Steve and Tina sustained that may also serve to be a case of medical negligence. This is because, in looking to treat Steve and Tina at the hospital, Dr Bills treatment of them actually served to make their injuries somewhat worse and he would thus be considered negligent along with the hospital vicariously unless (i) there is a practice normally and usually utilised; (ii) the defendant has not adopted it; and (iii) the course of action is one that no professional of ordinary skill would have taken had they been acting with ordinary care.  [33]   The reason for this is that, as has already been recognised in the advice provided to Steve and Tina, Dr Bill had just read an article in a medical journal about a new and experimental treatment using acupuncture for whiplash injuries written by Dr. D. Odgy as Chairman of the Acupuncture Society that involves doctors who support the use of acupuncture in the treatment of common road traffic injuries and based their treatment on this.

Government and Politics - Towards a Universal View :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Towards a Universal View As a registered voter of Minnesota I have seen first hand what it takes to get the younger generation to vote. Rule number one: Throw out the term "younger generation" we hate that. It seems as though our, male-dominated-over-fifty-white-washed government system has a tendency to categorize, everything needs to be correlated and filed away. They ask questions like, "What do we do with the 'Native Americans'? How can we improve the lives of 'lower income families'" This type of fragmentation is far from strengthening our nation. We need to move away from numbers and categories and move towards a more Universal view. I realize that the problems I mentioned above are real issues and they need to be dealt with. But talking about minorities like they are the plague isn't going to help anything. As you all know my governor is none other than Jesse the brain or body or whatever. On the day he was elected a wave of confusion swept the country. How did a Pro-Wrestler get elected to office? Simple, he spoke to everybody. Just to warn you this essay is not on how great Jesse is, personally I can't stand him. In every one of his speeches he addressed everybody, there were no boundaries, there were no dividers. Jesse didn't talk about the "rich" vs. the "poor", he didn't talk about "black" vs. "white," he talked about Minnesotans. As a result of this Jesse produced the greatest turn out of 18-24 year-old voters in Minnesota history. This doesn't mean the Jesse is the smartest guy in the world. Frankly I feel that he stumbled upon the answer by accident (that is merely my opinion). What he figured out was that you must talk to the voters at eye level. One more time just in case you missed it. TALK TO THE VOTERS AT EYE LEVEL! Yes that's right, get down off of your soapbox and talk to us. We'd much rather be "talked too" than "talked about." This isn't about lowering the voting age or sending out flyers or making phone calls. This is about bringing politics back to its roots. What it was way back on the Mayflower. Everybody huddled around that table on that boat and decided the rules. I realize that the population of these United States has risen considerably since then but that is no excuse for moving away from our roots.

Hamlet - Intelligent , NOT Insane Essay -- William Shakespeare Hamlet

Throughout the Shakespearian play, Hamlet, the main character is given the overwhelming responsibility of avenging his father’s "foul and most unnatural murder" (I.iv.36). Such a burden can slowly drive a man off the deep end psychologically. Because of this, Hamlet’s disposition is extremely inconsistent and erratic throughout the play. At times he shows signs of uncontrollable insanity. Whenever he interacts with the characters he is wild, crazy, and plays a fool. At other times, he exemplifies intelligence and method in his madness. In instances when he is alone or with Horatio, he is civilized and sane. Hamlet goes through different stages of insanity throughout the story, but his neurotic and skeptical personality amplifies his persona of seeming insane to the other characters. Hamlet comes up with the idea to fake madness in the beginning of the play in order to confuse his enemies. However, for Hamlet to fulfill his duty of getting revenge, he must be totally sane. Hamlet’s intellectual brilliance make it seem too impossible for him to actually be mad, for to be insane means that one is irrational and without any sense. When one is irrational, one is not governed by or according to reason. So, Hamlet is only acting mad in order to plan his revenge on Claudius. In order for Hamlet to carry out his goal of revenge, he had to be totally sane. In Act I, he is warned by the ghost not to go mad and not to harm his mother. If Hamlet were truly mad, he would have done many unorthodox acts, which would only wreck his plan of getting revenge. There can be no such thing as restrained insanity. Hamlet’s sanity is displayed when he does not harm his mother. Gertrude has hurt Hamlet. She betrayed his father by having an affair with Claudius and eventually marrying him. Since Hamlet does not kill her, it shows he is in full control of his mental state and that he is not controlled by his feelings like most mad people. Another reason why Hamlet is not mad is in the way he escaped his awaited execution in England. Hamlet knew that he was to be sent to England to be killed on the orders of Claudius. But once he saw a chance of escape on the pirate ship, he took this opportunity to board the ship, which made him escape death, thus prolonging his life a little longer. If Hamlet were actually mad, it would be doubtful that he would know of Claudius’ plans,... ...nd not making any sense whatsoever. In comparison, Hamlet speaks in regular sentences, and is able to converse normally with those around him. With much thought, and careful planning, Hamlet searches for evidence to determine the truth about his father's murder. And with this in hand, he departs on a path to avenge his father that is both reasonable and rational. While Hamlet might not carry the best of luck with him throughout the play, he certainly holds onto his mental integrity and ability to reason through challenges. Hamlet feigns madness so that he will be able to successfully get revenge on Claudius. In order for his plan not to be discovered, he has to fake madness in order to throw off his enemies. For his revenge plan to be a success, Hamlet will have to be perfectly sane so that he won’t sabotage his plan in anyway, and to keep himself alive long enough to carry it out. Hamlet’s plan on proving Claudius’ guilt and whether or not the ghost is his dead father shows that Hamlet is too intelligent to be mad. If Hamlet were indeed mad, he would be too dim-witted to come up with such a clever plan. Bibliography: Shakespear, William. Hamlet. Don Mills HBJ, 1987

Essay on the Role of the Gods in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Role of the Gods in Homer's Iliad        Ã‚   If one holds the contemporary view of the Christian God then it may be difficult to comprehend the actions and motivation of the Greek deities. The Christian God does not tend to take such an active role in the affairs of people's lives, where, on the other hand, "the Greeks regarded direct involvement by the gods as a daily, uncontrollable part of life"(Guthrie 17). Needless to say, divine intervention was a major variable in the equation of Homer's Iliad. The gods picked who they would favor for different reasons, except Zeus.   As the symbol of supreme authority and justice, he makes judgment calls as to the other gods' involvement in the war, remains impartial, and doesn't seem to get caught up in picking favorites. Even when his own son, Sarpedon, was about to die, Zeus chose to let the outcome go unaltered. On the other hand, Zeus's wife, Hera, displayed the more typical actions of a god. After Paris, a Trojan, judged Aphrodite the fairest over Hera, and, after her daughter Hebe was replaced as cupbearer to the gods by a young Trojan boy, she was quite resentful towards Troy and its people. Obviously, she sided with the Greeks and would stop at nothing to express her will. Scheming and manipulating, she even dared to trick her husband, King of the Gods. Hera, along with Athena, who was also passed over by Paris, is seen as the chief divine aid to the Greeks. Being the god of the sea, Poseidon was another strong supporter of the ocean-faring Greeks. Whenever Zeus turned his back, Poseidon tried to help the Greeks in the fight. Poseidon felt that he was somewhat Zeus's equal, as his brother, but recognizing Zeus's authority and experience, he looked to Zeus as an elder. There were also Gods who favored the Trojan side of the conflict. Both Apollo and Artemis, twin brother and sister, gave aid to the city of Troy. Although Artemis takes a rather minor role, Apollo, perhaps angered by Agamemmnon's refusal to ransom Khryseis, the daughter of one of his priests, and was constantly changing the course of the war in favor of the Trojans. Responsible for sending plague to the Greeks, Apollo was the first god to make an appearance in the Iliad. Also, mainly because Apollo and Artemis were on the Trojan side, their mother, Leto, also helped the Trojans.

Public Speaking Abilities of Adolf Hitler and Barack Obama Essay

Great speakers are categorized mainly on two agendas. They either reason with great aptitude and strength, or they touch on the realistic aspect of people’s daily lives and speak from the heart. Often, most speakers try to employ both techniques or mix the two on one idea. Any way an individual looks at it, the effects of public speaking is enormous. The power of speeches is often reflected in coming revolutions and revolts. Public speaking by good speakers often drives society (Osborn, 2008). They direct the vision and incite feelings into masses. They help awaken a dead public and bring about social change. Speeches by famous state leaders such Roosevelt, and their quotes such as â€Å"Ask not what the country can do for you, but what you can do for your country† spiraled the American nation out of recession and gave a sense of hope to the general public. They instill motivation, inspiration and hope into entire nations that spell positive change in society as a whole (Osborn, 2008). However, if speeches go wrong they can bring nations to collapse. Bad speeches result in loss of faith in leadership or the credibility of the speaker. Thus, the topic losses argument and drives people in the opposite direction. This can have an enormous effect on the outcome of whatever is to be achieved through a speech. Bad speeches often tilt audiences to the other side which is not desired by the speaker (Osborn, 2008). Devising good speeches: When writing speeches, authors must keep in mind the following (Osborn, 2008): 1) Analyzing the audience 2) The main purpose of the speech 3) Brainstorming 4) Outline 5) Create a conversation 6) Involve the audience 7) Delivery Though these simple factors seem common in all speeches they are often the most commonly disregarded. The first step of devising a good speech is to keep in mind the audience that you are speaking to (Osborn, 2008). A professional will not go and use technical jargon in a class of 6th graders. He will have to adjust the speech because the main emphasis is communication. To make sure communication happens in the best manner possible; analyzing the audience is the most important point of a speech. The main purpose of the speech is what the writer wishes to talk about. It could be a particular topic or subject or a social issue that he wishes to communicate to the public in some way (Osborn, 2008). Knowing what the main purpose of the speech is, the speaker clearly defines their role and boundaries. Thus, the speech is more directed and substantiated with relevant material. Brainstorming is technique used to generate ideas for a particular topic. To gather relevant information about a topic or things a speaker might be able to mention in his or her speech, brainstorming is crucial. The outline development gives the speech organizational structure. The beginning, the middle and the end of the speech are clearly defined which help the speaker deliver the speech in a directed flow rather than a haphazard manner (Osborn, 2008). This is crucial to make sure one important point in the speech is followed by another to strengthen arguments being made. Creating a conversation is often crucial in public speaking. The fact is that when you’re dealing with the public, you have to be the public (Henderson, 2007)! If the speech is to influence a segment of the population or leave an effect, having a conversation with the audience rather than simply speaking will leave a much more significant impact on the listeners (Henderson, 2007). Involving the audience is an extension of creating a conversation. By keeping the audience involved in the speech and related specific points to the relevance of the audience, speakers often employ this to gain attention (Jaffe, 2006). Similarly, rhetorical questions are asked to make the audience ponder over the point being discussed and to awaken them from their possible slumber. Finally, the delivery stage is crucial. How a person will plan the physical message, the visual message and the vocal message is essential (Zeole, 2008). The tone of voice, the level of aggression and the way the speaker speaks leaves an impact on the audience. Thus, concrete facts or those that the speaker wishes to lay emphasis on should be made in a different tone of voice then ordinary points. Similarly, the style by which a speaker speaks is also crucial to gaining attention of the audience. Without attention from the audience the basic aim of communication is in disarray (Zarefsky, 2007). Adolph Hitler: With all the negativity attached to Hitler, one thing that he accomplished quite significantly was his ability to speak. His public speaking skills managed to arose the emotions of an entire nation. He was able to accomplish what his main aim was, to gain the support of the people (Moore, 2006). Hitler used to make many pauses between his speeches. Whenever he started a speech he would always pause and give the audience time to recognize him. Thus, creating an impression on the public always (Domarus, 2007). He followed that with hand movements which are still recognized today! His ability to change the tone of his voice during speeches was incredible. He would speak silently on some issues perhaps even whisper. While on others he would yell at the top of his lungs. The rate at which he spoke was also under his control entirely. Often a time he would speak faster and other times slower to solidify his arguments. He could easily relate the speech to his audience by talking about visual concrete things such as country, land, and the people. More than just mere abstractions. His ability to make use of repetition to strengthen his points was uncanny. He would repeat the same point under different vocabulary to strengthen his arguments (Domarus, 2004). Furthermore, Hitler always spoke on specific topics. He never let the topic of the speech go broad and thus laid more emphasis and excited more feelings when the topic was a narrow one (Domarus, 2004). Finally, the eye contact which he kept with the audience kept the audience actively involved in the speech. His emotional ploys would be the focus rather than just reasoning alone. He fought a speech at a very emotional level with the audience. Barrack Obama: When we talk of Barrack Obama, we know that he won the presidential elections of America. No doubt his convincing and persuasive style of speaking had a role in his victory. To get votes you must be able to influence. Barrack Obama strengths as a speaker is clear. His first emphasis is generally on content. By stating the problem, building up the situation with detail, who is to blame, and then creating and delivery a situation shows great organizational structure of his speeches. The audience understands the message on a step by step basis (Leane, 2008). His use of repetition, metaphors, and descriptive language gain the attention of the audience significantly and helps relate the topic under discussion to the audience. Furthermore, his style of delivery is of particular importance. His ability to gain trust of the audience by being honest and straight with the audience has led to a perception about him that has developed through his delivery style (Leane, 2008). His tone of voice, the speed and the pauses he uses are quite significant in his persuasive speeches. Often when nearing an important point, Obama is seen to start speaking faster and in a louder tone (Leane, 2008). His employment of pauses between various points gives the audiences a chance to ponder over what he is exactly saying and absorb it. These factors bring about a greater intensity in his speeches. Comparison between Hitler and Obama: As clearly evident from the above two paragraphs, both speakers had certain similar qualities in terms of public speaking. 1) Both employ the use of repetition, and tone of voice changes. 2) Both describe events in a descriptive manner rather than abstract 3) Both speakers use emotions to relate to the audience 4) Managed to create a bond between themselves and the public. References: Beebe, Stephen (2005). Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach. Allyn & Bacon. Domarus, Max (2004). Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945–The Chronicle of a Dictatorship. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Domarus, Max (2007). The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Henderson, Roy (2007). There’s No Such Thing as Public Speaking: Make Any Presentation or Speech as Persuasive as a One-on-OneConversation. Prentice Hall Press. Jaffe, Clella (2006). Public Speaking: Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Society. Wadsworth Publishing. Leane, Shelly (2008). Say It Like Obama: The Power of Speaking with Purpose and Vision. McGraw-Hill. Moore, Sara (2006). HOW HITLER CAME TO POWER. AuthorHorse. Osborn, Michael (2008). Public Speaking. Allyn & Bacon. Zarefsky, David (2007). Public Speaking: Strategies for Success. Allyn & Bacon. Zeole, Richard (2008). The 7 Principles of Public Speaking. Skyhorse Publishing.