Jewish American Literature Essay Example for Free

Jewish American Literature EssayJewish American Literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of piece of music in English, primarily, as well as in former(a) languages, the around important of which has been Yiddish. mend amateurs and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing n primordial Jewishness in America, m some(prenominal) writers resist be pigeonholed as Jewish voices. Also, many nominally Jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example being Isaac Asimov. Beginning with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew over the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fabrication, poetry, and drama. The first renowned voice in Jewish- American literature was Emma Lazarus whose poem The fresh ly Colossus on the Statue of Liberty became the great hymnal of American immigration. Gertrude Stein became one of the to the highest degree influential prose-stylists of the early 20th century.The early twentieth century saw the appearance of two pioneering American Jewish novels Abraham Cahans The Rise of David Levinsky and Henry Roths deal it Sleep. It reached some of its to the highest degree mature expression in the 20th century Jewish American novels by Saul Bellow, J. D. Salinger, Norman Mailer, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls mingled with secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed with Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren.More recent authors like Nicole Krauss, Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer andArt Spiegelman have keep to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention especially to the Holocaust and the trends o f both(prenominal) ongoing assimilation and ethnical rediscovery exhibited by younger generations of American Jews. arguably the most influential of all American- Jewish novels was social lionn Uris Exodus. Its story of the struggle to create the modern state of Israel translated into Russian became the inspirationfor hundreds of thousands of Russian immigrants to Israel. Modern Jewish American novels a good deal contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and Anti-Semitism, along with the recent phenomenon cognise as cutting Anti-Semitism. Two Jewish- American writers have won the Nobel Prize, Isaac Bashevis Singer and Saul Bellow. Bernard Malamud is considered one of the most prominent figures in Jewish American literature. BERNARD MALAMUD ( 1914-1986).Malamuds stories and novels, in which reality and fantasy are frequently interfaced have been compared to parables, myt hs and analogies and lots illustrate the importance of moral obligation. Although he draws upon his Jewish heritage to address the themes of sins, suffering, and redemption, Malamud emphasizes homo contact and compassion over orthodox religious dogma. Malamuds characters, while often awkward and isolated from society, evoke both pity and humor through their attempts at survival and salvation. Sheldon J.Hershinow observed Out of the everyday defeats and indignities of ordinary people, Malamud creates beautiful parables that capture the joy as well as the pain of liveness he expresses the dignity of the human spirit searching for freedom and moral growth in the face for hardship, injustice, and the existential anguish of life. BIOGRAPHY Malamud was born on April 28, 1914, in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish immigrants. His parents, whom he described as gentle, honest, kindly people, were not highly educated and knew very little about literature of the humanistic discipline Th ere were no books in the house, no records, music, count ons on the wall. Malamud attended high school in Brooklyn and received his bachelors degree from the City College of New York in 1936. After graduation, he worked in a factory and as a clerk at the central bureau in Washington, D. C. Although he wrote in his spare time, Malamud did not begin writing seriously until the advent of the Second World War and the subsequent horrors of the Holocausts. He questioned his religious identity and started reading about Jewish tradition and history .He explained I was concerned with what Jews stood for, with their getting down to the barebones of things. I was concerned with their ethnically how Jews felt for they had to persist order to go on living. In 1949, he began teaching at Oregan State University he left this post in 1961 to teach creative writing at Bennington College in Vermont. He remained there until shortly before his death in 1986.Starting in 1949, Malamud taught four secti ons of freshman composition each semester at Oregon State University (OSU), an experience fictionalized in his 1961 novel A New Life. Because he lacked the Ph. D., he was not allowed to teach literature courses, and for a heel of years his rank was that of instructor. In those days, OSU, a land grant university, placed little emphasis on the teaching of humanities or the writing of fiction.While at OSU, he devoted 3 days out of every week to his writing, and gradually emerged as a major American author. In 1961, he left OSU to teach creative writing at Bennington College, a position he held until retirement. In 1967, he was made a member of the American academy of Arts and Sciences.In 1942, Malamud met Ann De Chiara (November 1, 1917 March 20, 2007), an Italian-American Roman Catholic, and a 1939 Cornell University graduate. They married on November 6, 1945, despite the opposition of their respective parents. Ann typed his manuscripts and reviewed his writing. Ann and Bernard had two children, Paul (b. 1947) and Janna (b. 1952). Janna Malamud Smith is the author of a memoir about her father, titled My Father is a record. Malamud died in Manhattan in 1986, at the age of 71. WORKS OF MALAMUD Malamuds first novel, The Natural (1952 ) ,is considered one of his most symbolic works .While the novel ostensibly traces the life of Roy Hobbs, an American baseball player , the work has underlying mythic elements and explores such themes as inductance and isolation. For instance, some reviewers cited evidence of the Arthurian legend of the Holy Grail others applied T. S. Eliots wasteland myth in their analyses The Natural also foreshadows what would become Malamuds predominant narrative focus a suffering protagonist struggling to reconcile moral dilemmas, to act according to what is right, and to accept the complexities and hardships of existence.Malamuds second novel, The accomplice (1957), portrays the life of Morris Bober, a Jewish immigrant who owns a grocery st ore in Brooklyn. Although he is struggling to survive financially, Bober hires a cynical anti-semitic youth, Frank Aloine afterwards learning that the man is homeless and on the verge of starvation. Through this contact Frank learns to find grace and dignity in his own identity. Described as naturalistic fable, this novel affirms the redemptional value of maintaining faith in the goodness of the human soul. Malamuds first collection of short stories, The Magic Barrel, (1958) was awarded the field of study Book award in 1959.Like The Assistant, most of the stories in this collection depict the search for hope and meaning within the grim entrapment of short urban settings and were influenced by Yiddish folktales and Hasidic traditions. Many of Malamuds best known short stories, including The Last Mohican, holy person Levine, and Idiots First, were republished in The Stories of Bernard Malamud in 1983. A New Life (1961), considered one of Malamuds most true-to-life novels, is fou nd in part on Malamuds teaching career at Oregon State University.This work focuses on an ex-alcoholic Jew from New York City who becomes a professor at a college in the Pacific Northwest. It examines the main characters search for self-respect, while poking fun at life at a learning institution. Malamuds next novel, The Fixer (1966), is one of his most powerful works. The winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book awarding, this book is based on the historical account of Mendel Beiliss, a Russian Jew who was accused of murdering a Christian child.With The Tenants (1971), Malamud returns to a New York City setting in a subscriber line between two writersone Jewish and the other African Americanstruggling to survive in an urban ghetto. Malamud further addresses the nature of literature and the section of the artist in Dublins Lives (1979). In this work, the protagonist, William Dublin, attempts to create a sense of worth for himself, both as a man and as a writer. Mal amuds last finished novel, Gods Grace (1982), studies both the original Holocaust and a new, imagined Holocaust of the future.The novel is a wild, at times brilliant, at times confusing, translation of a flood similar to that in the Bible story of Noahs ark. Malamud continued to place stories in top American magazines. Mervyn Rothstein reported in the New York clock that Malamud said at the end of his life, With me, its story, story, story. In Malamuds next-to-last collection, Rembrandts assume, only one story, The Silver Crown, deals with Jewish themes. Malamud is also renowned for his short stories, often oblique allegories set in a dreamlike urban ghetto of immigrant Jews.Of Malamud the short story writer, Flannery OConnor wrote I have discovered a short-story writer who is better than any of them, including myself. He published his first stories in 1943, Benefit Performance in Threshold and The Place Is Different Now in American Preface. In the early 1950s, his stories bega n appearing in Harpers Bazaar, Partisan Review, and Commentary. The Magic Barrel was his first published collection of short stories (1958) and his first winner of his first National Book Award for Fiction.Most of the stories depict the search for hope and meaning within the bleak enclosures of poor urban settings. The title story focuses on the unlikely relationship of Leo Finkle, an unmarried rabbinical student, and Pinye Salzman, a colorful marriage broker. Finkle has spent most of life with his nose buried in books and therefore isnt well-educated in life itself. However, Finkle has a greater interest the art of romance. He engages the services of Salzman, who shows Finkle a number of potential brides from his magic barrel but with each picture Finkle grows more uninterested.After Salzman convinces him to meet Lily Hirschorn, Finkle realizes his life is truly empty and lacking the passion to love God or humanity. When Finkle discovers a picture of Salzmans daughter and sees he r suffering, he sets out on a new mission to save her. Other well-known stories included in the collection are The Last Mohican, Angel Levine, Idiots First, and The Mourners. This last story focuses on Kessler, the defiant old man in need of social security and Gruber, the belligerent landlord who doesnt want Kessler in the tenement house anymore.Malamuds fiction touches lightly upon mythic elements and explores themes like isolation, class, and the conflict between bourgeois and artistic values. His prose, like his settings, is an artful pastiche of Yiddish-English locutions, punctuated by sudden lyricism. report in the second half of the twentieth century, Malamud was well aware of the social problems of his day rootlessness, infidelity, abuse, divorce, and more. But he also depicted love as redemptive and sacrifice as uplifting.In his writings, success often depends on cooperation between antagonists. For example, in The Mourners landlord and tenant learn from each others angui sh. In The Magic Barrel, the marriage broker worries about his fallen daughter, while the daughter and the rabbinic student are drawn together by their need for love and salvation. Malamuds third story Rembrandts Hat collection is noteworthy for its consistently pessimistic tone and theme of failed communication in stories such as My Son the Murderer, The Silver Crown, and The garner.The volume The People, and Uncollected Stories contains an unfinished novel about a Russian Jewish peddler in the American West who becomes a muster and is kidnapped by Indians. It also includes fourteen stories written between 1943 and 1985. LIST OF OTHER NOTABLE JEWISH AMERICAN WRITERS Aimee Bender novelist and short story writer, known for her often fantastic and surreal plots and characters Saul Bellow, novelist that won the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts Bernard Cooper, novelist, short story writer E. L.Doctorow, novelist Richard Ellmann, lite rary critic, won National Book Award for Nonfiction Barthold Fles, literary agent and non-fiction writer Emma Goldman, anarchist writer Joseph Heller, author of Catch-22 Christopher Hitchens, literary critic and political activist Irving Howe, literary critic Roger Kahn. The Boys of pass 1972 Jerzy Kosinski, author of The Painted Bird Emma Lazarus, poet and novelist Fran Lebowitz, author, known for her sardonic social commentary on American life through her New York sensibilities Seymour Martin Lipset, political sociologist. Reggie Nadelson, novelist known oddly for her mystery works Mark Obama Ndesandjo, author, half-brother of President Barack Obama Cynthia Ozick, short story writer, novelist, and essayist Jodi Picoult, novelist Ayn Rand, novelist and founder of Objectivism Lea Bayers Rapp, non-fiction and childrens fiction writer Philip Roth, known for autobiographical fiction that explored Jewish and American identity. Norman Rosten, novelist J. D. Salinger, author of The Catcher in the Rye Gary Shteyngart (born 1972) Russian-born writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, leading figure in Yiddish literature, won Nobel Prize George Steiner (born 1929) literary critic Daniel Stern, novelist Leopold Tyrmand, writer Judith Viorst (born 1932) author, known for her childrens literature Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and author of 57 books CONCLUSION The situation and the position of the Jewish-American writer have always been different from that of the other ethnicities in America and still remain so until today.One difference is highlighted by a comparison with the African-American writers. The marginal position of black authors has disappeared on the book market in the United States, but the themes of alienation and anger will not vanish as readily from their works. Instead of integration into the literary and artistic mainstream, black writers and artists wanted, especially since the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s, to arrive at their own for ms of literary expression which would have direct relevance for their lives.They wished to swear out the question of their relationship to white mainstream culture by implementing a multicultural strategy their literature is not that of assimilation, but in many ways that of establishing difference, separatism, and cultural resistance. While with the African-American writers there is no sense of the success or even desirability of social and cultural integration into the predominantly white mainstream of American society, many Jewish-American authors felt it as necessary and desirable, and as a result even managed to acquire it.Indeed, a great number of contemporary Jewish-American writers such as Norman Mailer, Saul Bellow, Joseph Heller, Bernard Malamud, Arthur Miller, Philip Roth and others have had literary success. The language employed by these writers is standard American English, they are socially accepted, and their works are read by a wide Jewish and non-Jewish audience. For this reason it is widely considered that their texts form part of a recognized literary canon, and belong to the American literary center or mainstream, as far as this may still be defined today.As much as we agreed to this idea we cannot ignore several facts which emphasize the necessity to view Jewish American literary productions as shaped by strong ethnic forces, and Jewish American literature as both belonging to and standing out in the multicultural American landscape. BIBLOGRAPHY Books Sanford, Sternlicht Masterpieces of Jewish American Literature Cristina, Nilsson Jewish American Literature Bernard Malamud, Philip Roth and Cynthia Ozick Websites http//en. wikipedia. org http//www. swiftpapers. com http// Top of Form.

Comparative Paper Play School and Hi-5 Essay Example for Free

Comparative Paper represent crop and Hi-5 EssayDespite each the modern excitements that Nedeucerk 9s Hi-5 presents, the traditional and ABCs Play schooltime offers more for early learners. These two clawren shows argon compared in the features of form, intend, interview and social context. Hi-5 is contemporary and fast paced reflecting the modern culture whereas Play instruct maintains a sense of simplicity and the traditional elements which still fulfil the 21st vitamin C child. The importance of Hi-5 is to entertain whereas Play School educates effectively. The purpose of the opening credits is to draw out the wanted moods of the audience. Apparently, each calming episode of Play School begins with its symbolic, cheerful tune introducing the beaten(prenominal) characters. The opening animation is set in softer tones which attract an open gender audience with characters inviting them to, come inside. This sets up a comfort atmosphere where the children feel valued an d safe, allowing learning to take place. by means of the opening credits, Play School displays traditional, simple values which emphasize and develop their main purpose of education. Hi-5 is very much concerned with image, consumerism and technology, and as seen in the opening credits, it immediately reinforces the main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant colours which are almost glowing and the sorry patterns, female titled the audience into a state of joy, somewhat reproducing the scene at a disco. The opening credits heavily feature their Hi-5 logo, which in subprogram is a devious form of harvest-time placement. Overall, both shows opening credits are shown in a uniquely way. Play School is presented in a calm and a peaceful playful way, whereas, Hi-5 is shown in an upbeat and over exaggerated enjoyable, fun way. Whereas Hi-5s priority is to create excitement and sell the product through setting and music, Play Schools aim is to provide education in an enjoyable way and hel ping the childrens intelligence and development. Play School is filmed in a studio resembling a house, in a safe, comfortable and calming surrounding encouraging learning.The realistic setting is provided with familiar, placeable features such as house lights and colourful curtains. Many aspects of learning are taught through well-known songs sung in the traditional, common style to the simple accoutrement of a piano. The natural lighting adds to this sense of reality, and a controlled colour frame creates a calm, familiar mood for the audience. Hi-5 too, is shot in a studio, however, it is filmed with the heading of a live audience emphasising a concert setting, reinforcing its main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant lights blink like a performance, and the setting is spare with no familiar objects. This reflects modern popular culture, celebrity obsession and playful fun. Yet, while unfamiliar, Hi-5 is still very exciting, inspiring the childrens imagination forcing them to use their imagination. This creates a happy atmosphere emphasising an exciting and energetic mood reinforcing the main purpose of entertainment.Therefore, both television shows have different and similar ways to engage the audience and their emotions. The structure of these two shows is controlled by the film techniques and technology. Hi-5 relies on flashing disco, coloured effects and cameras, whereas, Play School relies on a more naive approach. The constant, linear panning and minimal editing present in Play School reinforces the slow, calming mood. The viewers point of view is enhanced through the use of camera angles and a equilibrate full range of shots. This reinforces closeness and a connection between viewer and presenter. The minimal use of technology in Play School is non-threatening everyday objects are used to make craft which breaks down social barriers and encourages imagination. The toys used are familiar and old-fashioned, encouraging a sense of tradition. Hi-5 ho wever uses modern filming techniques with quadruplicate cameras and fast, complex editing.The camera angles and differing points of view are unusual adding to the excitement and overexcited emotions. Combined into Hi-5 is animation, using props and graphics which appeal to a slightly one-time(a) audience who live in a technological world. The props used, increase the party image preventing children from using their imagination. The main purpose is to entertain, whereas the purpose of Play School is to educate. So therefore, the features used in both programmes differ in order to meet the intended purposes. by dint of the use of soothing and calm tones, Play School enables their viewers to feel safe, while engaging them in learning. Through repetition, questions, instructions, alliteration and rhyme, the presenters repeat that learning is easy and fun. The combination of languages like in the simple song, applaud Bravisimo, and the inclusion of sign language, Play School highligh ts social acceptance and multiculturalism creating a stronger bond between the viewer and the presenters, reinforcing the purpose of education. The light, good humour is also unite to fulfil their secondary purpose of entertainment.Hi-5 uses the sophisticated and complex humour of jokes and parodies. Through giggling for instance, an exaggerated and happy tone is created as the presenters attempt to reflect a childs intelligence. This is further reinforced through the regular use of everyday language creating an overly friendly environment, whereas, the exaggerated body language reinforces entertainment and excitement. Through developing forms, purposes, audiences and social context Hi-5 and Play School contrast hugely. It is clear that the purpose of Play School is to educate whereas entertainment is the main purpose of Hi-5. Through aiming the intended emotions at their audience, both these programs achieve their intended purpose and social context.

Automated Teller Machine: Innovation in the Banking Industry

machine-driven Teller Machine Innovation in the Banking IndustryThe banking industry occupies a very strategic position in the pecuniary schema of any economy, since there will no economic growth unless there is adequate channelling of nest egg into investment. The banks be responsible for increasing the level of savings and investments, granting of credit and gener every(prenominal)y influencing the level of supply of money in the economy. They also facilitate economic minutes between nations thereby encouraging and promoting trade, commerce and industry.Banks and banking is a very old profession but the modern-day banking practice as we know it today, started in the knightly days in Italian cities of Florence, Venice and Genoa. In Nigeria, banking officially had a formal legislative backing in 1952 (alford, 2010) and since then, there has been tremendous growth in the industry, which believed to attain been fuelled largely by changes in technology and the banks ability to e mbrace these changes successfully by implementing novel ideas in their bid to control a large appropriate of the market. The development of self service technology and the emerging of a number of impertinent instaurations are taking place in the area of retail payments know as electronic money. (Mohamad Al-Laham, 2009). This development is influencing the banking industry due to the increased accustom of Automated Teller Machines. This led to a new concept in the ATM, cognise as the change/Cheque Deposit Automated Teller Machine (ATM).The objective of this paper is to show that the development of the Cash/Cheque deposit Automated Teller Machine (ATM) should be viewed as an variation in the banking industry in developing countries. We also aim to find out the approach and murder procedures adopted by the organisation in managing the origin, examine its benefits to the bank and finally, identifying the role played by the manager in the innovation. For the purpose of this pape r, we use the introduction of Cash/ go over deposit ATM by Skye Bank PLC., based in Nigeria as a case study.According to (eShekels Limited, 2006), the business relationship of ATMs dated back to the the States in the mid 1960s and gained grounds world over, in the 70s. However, in Nigeria, the ATM was introduced in 1989 by the defunct Societe Generale Bank and has since then, the ATMs appear to have banquet everywhere across Nigeria. eShekels limited, further posited that the banking industry no doubt has witnessed advancement in technology just like any other sector the use of the automated teller machine is one of these as it affects banking operations entirely. With the adoption of Self Service technology by the banks, ATMs have continued to service the masses they offer convenience to clients and provide banking services easy beyond the traditional service period. It therefore encourages a cashless society. Thus, eliminating the risk of loss of cash through theft or fire a s witnessed in the past, creating a win-win scenario for parties concerned.Industries and businesses operating in a dynamic and volatile environment always look for ways to demonstrate their growth a continuous abut. They believe they pot do this by finding new and creative ways of maintaining or improving their market share. The process of turning these creative ideas into facts is known as innovation.According to the Wikipedia, Innovation is a change in the method of doing something, or the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. It may also refer to major or fundamental changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. (Sarkar, 2007) in citing Michael Vance simplified innovation as a creation of the new or re-arranging of the old in a new way. He went further by distinguishing innovation from invention by quoting Schumpeter (1934),contributors to the scholarly literature on innovation typically distinguish between invention, an idea made manifest, and in novation, ideas applied successfully in practice.In all ramification of life, be it arts, science, economics or presidential term policy, something new must be significantly different to be seen as an innovation. (Sarkar, 2007), further stated the difference or change must however be able to increase value, be it customer value, or producer value. The objective of innovation is positive change, to make someone or something better and ultimately jumper cable to increased productivity which is the fundamental source of increasing wealth in an economy he concluded.There are different types of identified innovations. Some of them are highlighted below* Business Model innovation involves changing the way business is done in terms of capturing value e.g. Compaq vs. Dell, hub and spoke airlines vs. Southwest, and Hertz/Avis vs. Enterprise.* Marketing innovation is the development of new marketing methods with improvement in product design or packaging, product promotion or pricing.* Org anizational innovation involves the creation or alteration of business structures, practices, and models, and may therefore include process, marketing and business model innovation.* Process innovation involves the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method.* Product innovation, involves the introduction of a new good or service that is new or substantially improved. This talent include improvements in functional characteristics, technical abilities, ease of use, or any other dimension.* Service innovation is similar to product innovation except that the innovation relates to services rather than to products.Todays United Bank for Africa Plc. (UBA) is the product of the merger of Nigerias third (3rd) and fifth (5th) largest banks, namely the old UBA and the erstwhile Standard Trust Bank Plc. (STB) respectively, and a subsequent acquisition of the erstwhile Continental Trust Bank Limited (CTB). The union emerged as the first successful corporate combination in the history of Nigerian banking.UBAs history dates back to 1948 when the British and French Bank Limited (BFB) commenced business in Nigeria and the erstwhile STB and CTB both in 1990. Following Nigerias independence from Britain, UBA was structured in 1961 to take over the business of BFB. Although todays UBA emerged at a time of industry consolidation induced by regulation, the consolidated UBA was borne out of a relish to lead the domestic sector to a new era of global relevance by championing the creation of the Nigerian consumer finance market, leading a closed-door/public sector partnership at supporting the acceleration of Nigerias economic development, and growing the institution from a banking to a one-stop financial services institution, while sp take oning its footprints across Africa to earn the reputation as the face of banking in the continent.Today, United Bank for Africa Plc. is one of Africas leading financial institutions offering universal banki ng to more than 7 million customers across 750 branches in 14 African countries. With presence in New York, London and Paris and assets in excess of $19bn, UBA is your partner for banking services for Africans and African related businesses globally http//www.ubagroup.com/group/genericpage/19Skye Bank PLC is a publicly quoted company in Nigeria with over 300,000 shareholders and is technically one of the oldest banks in Nigeria and West Africa. It provides financial products and services with a solid technological background that supports the service delivery process to customers. After the bank consolidation process in 2006, Skye bank genuine into one of the top financial institutions in Nigeria. Presently, it manages more than 250 branches in the country with over 600 operational ATM machines within their business premises and other well placed location across the country.In 2009, the Bank as part of its growth and expansion strategy and its determination to provide world class a nd slice edge services to its vast majority of customers, Skye Bank Plc., introduced advancement in its electronic payment solutions, with the launch of new cash-deposit, cheque deposit and foreign deepen Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), a feat unprecedented in the history of Nigerian banking industry.Mr Chuma Ezirim, Deputy General Manager of the bank, during the launching of the product, said Depositing cash on the ATMs is very simple. A customer simply slots in his or her card, after which he or she is presented with options on the screen. To deposit cash all a customer has to do is select the cash deposit option on the screen, after which the ATM will open the cash acceptance slot. A customer can deposit a bundle of up to 200 notes at a time, without sorting them into different denominations, as the ATM accepts 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 notes. The ATM will sustain each note to confirm it is genuine, count the notes and hold in escrow. The customer is then notified of the note count and the total and given the option to continue, insert special notes or cancel the transaction. Our customers can also deposit Cheques in ATMs. Each cheque is inserted into the ATM through the ATM Cheque Processor opening. As the cheque is inserted, it is imaged, both front and rear, the image is displayed on the screen and, subsequently, printed on the receipt to give the customer positive confirmation that the bank has accepted the cheque. When the cheque is inserted into the ATM, it is read by a MICR reader to ensure that a MICR code line is present and that it is a valid cheque. If the ATM cannot verify the cheque, it can be jilted and returned to the customer. The image of the verified cheque, together with the captured code line data, can be passed to the back-office for processing. Cheques are picked up at specified times by designated officers for further processing.Previously, all transactions that involve cheques and foreign currency are always done at the counter, compounded by long queues and delays.Marc Bourreau, Marianne Verdier, Cooperation for innovation in payment system the case of mobile payment. Feb. 2010. http//ssrn.com/abstract=1575036

Herpes Simplex Virus Antiviral Drug Resistance

Herpes Simplex Virus Antiviral Drug ResistanceOmer BaskanThe increase drug electric impedance of the herpes simplex virusAbstractHerpes simplex contagions rebriny really common worldwide, the development of red-hot interferences is of vital importance, particularly for the s eerely immunocom cryd individuals due(p) to the increasing emergence of HSV resistive strains being reported. The standard treatment for HSV still remains exaltedly effective, however thither is an ever increasing risk that drug repellant HSV will become more predominant due to the reliance on a limited group of drugs acyclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir. This come off ranges to address the failure of previous studies conducted, which include the focus on treating acyclovir resistant HSV with foscarnet and cidofovir however not aiming to discover new compounds which might be employ to treat HSV instead. A valuable source for new treatments is the abundance of natural compounds which exhibit antiviral properties. Several candidates are addressed and discussed in this review.IntroductionA large family of desoxyribonucleic acid vir economic consumptions comm unaccompanied known as herpesviridae is largely known for causing diseases in humans as well as animals. The most prevalent forms of the virus family are known as HSV-1, herpes simplex 2, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus. All five mentioned members of the herpesvirus family (herpesviridae) are known to infect humans (Sandri-Goldin, 2006), in descend there 8 herpesviruses which can infect humans, these include human herpesvirus 6 and 7, and finally Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Carter Saunders, 2013). So far there are more than cxxx herpesviruses which can affect a range of animals (Brown Newcomb, 2011). Herpesviruses are latent therefore they can remain in most people undetected, as the virus establishes itself in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous frame (Stevens, 1975). It is rep orted that more than 90% of adults ache been infected with the aforementioned species of the virus (Chayavichitsilp et al., 2009).Once an HSV infection occurs it will establish latency and can then multiply in large summates as it has been reactivated, this then al measlys for the infection of a new host. In people who adjudge a competent immune system the infection can be both painful and distressing but most importantly it is seldom life threatening. As a result the risks associated with herpes simplex are underestimated by people. However individuals with a HSV infection who also happen to shake off an impaired immune system can have life threatening symptoms which can result in death (Severson Tyring, 1999). The preferred treatment of choice is the use of acyclovir (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003) but due to its widespread use it has led to the emanation of HSV strains which are resistant to acyclovir (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Resistant strains were first reported in 1982 (Sibrac k et al., 1982). in that respectfore, surveys were conducted which showed that there was a recurring low incidence rate of acyclovir resistant strains among immunocompetent patients which was 0.6% (Englund et al., 1990). However among patients who have an impaired immune system the acyclovir resistant strains which were recovered showed a frequency ranging from 3 to 6%, this figure then reaches 14% among patients who have received a atomic number 76 marrow transport (Englund et al., 1990).This review aims to deal with the features attributed with the emanation of acyclovir resistant HSV as well as the epidemiological features. Whilst addressing the severity of the emerging drug opponent strains of HSV and its impact on immunocompromised patients. This review will also aim to highlight potential natural compounds which are new candidates for the development of new antivirals to combat HSV, as well as many compounds which should have further investigation into its antiviral propert ies.EpidemiologyIt is rare for oppositeness to ACV to occur in immunocompetent patients but there have been reports that described that there is a below 1% occurrence of ACV resistance in the population (Nugier et al., 1992). Most acyclovir resistant HSV isolated from patients with competent immune systems have been detected because of repeatedly having genital herpes. The observed occurrence ranged from 3.5 to 8.6% (Fife et al., 1994). In most cases the course of antivirals remained unchanged, there was only three cases of genital herpes were use of acyclovir was unsuccessful due to HSV being resistant to acyclovir (Mouly et al., 1995).acyclovir resistant among certain HSV infections is about 5% (Christophers et al., 1998), this is only among immunocompromised patients who are most at risk of contracting an acyclovir resistant HSV. Infections caused by HSV among fig up marrow transplant patients shows that patients that have received a bone marrow of either autologous or allogen eic origin have the uniform risk of growing an HSV infection. Resistance to acyclovir was detected only among allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients, this led to the discovery of the prevalence of resistance reaching 30% in patients who have had an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (Morfin et al., 2004).HSV strains that have been isolated from 3000 patients have been tested and have shown that half of them were immunocompetent whereas the other half had a immunocompromised system (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The resistance of acyclovir was 0.3% among immunocompetent and 4% among immunocompromised (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Concerning the certain type of immunosuppression present, the resistance has been detected as 2.8% among solid organ transplant patients, 3.5% among HIV infected patients and at 29% for allogeneic transplant patients (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). These results show that the prevalence of acyclovir resistant HSV was stable in 2003 compared to previous studies publ ished more than 10 years ago. This level of stability is same for both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. As suggested by previous studies, resistance to acyclovir is a major use up for allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients.Mechanism of resistanceNucleoside analogues make up the majority of antiherpetic drugs in clinical use (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Acyclovir is a guanosine analogue, as is penciclovir. Cidofovir is a phosphonate molecule which is derived from cytidine and foscarnet has a very different structure, as it is analogous to a pyrophosphate.The mechanism of action for acyclovir and penciclovir involve two viral enzymes. These are thymidine kinase which is for the first phosphorylation of the activation measure and DNA polymerase, which is used as a target for the triphosphate form. Only two phosphorylations are needed for cidofovir for it to obtain the active diphosphate molecule, with both being performed by cellular kinases. Foscarnet only acts dire ctly on the viral DNA polymerase (Figure 1 De Clercq et al., 2001). in that location are three mechanisms which are involved in HSV resistance to acyclovir an fitting of thymidine kinase substance specificity, an alteration of DNA polymerase activity and a loss of thymidine kinase activity (Larder et al., 1983). The viral gene encoding for thymidine kinase can have a change occur within them resulting in 95% of acyclovir resistance isolates presenting a thymidine kinase deficient phenotype (Hill et al., 1991). Recovery of thymidine kinase deficient, neutered and absolute virus in a single isolate can lead to a detection of resistance of susceptible viruses (Nugier et al., 1992).These mutations that can cause resistance, occur ad lib during viral replication therefore viruses which are resistant can then be selected for antiviral treatment. Functional DNA polymerase is craved for viral replication but not for thymidine kinase. thus, there is a higher probability of a viable ac yclovir resistant virus being caused by a mutation in the thymidine kinase gene, than by a mutation which occurs in the DNA polymerase.Viral pathogenesis of mutant viruses depends on the resistance phenotype. However to DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase altered mutants, thymidine kinase deficient HSV is known to be impaired for pathogenesis in animal models (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Therefore they fail to reactivate from a latent form in explanted waver ganglia (Kosz-Vnenchak et al., 1990). Thymidine kinase activity is not involved in the formation of latent infections but it is required for the virus to reactivate from latency (Efstathiou et al., 1989). After isolation of resistant HSV, the reactivations tend to be associated with the original, thymidine kinase positive and acyclovir sensitive strain (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Although, there are few reports checking reactivations due to the acyclovir resistant virus associated with the thymidine kinase altered virus (Kost et a l., 1993) or thymidine kinase deficient virus (Morfin et al., 2000).Management of HSV infections with acyclovir resistanceIn order to manage an HSV infection which is resistant to acyclovir we currently have to use several antiviral drugs. Many of the acyclovir resistant HSV isolates tend to be resistant to penciclovir but this occurs rarely. Some isolates can be resistant to acyclovir but still be susceptible to penciclovir as there have been reported cases mechanisms of resistance to acyclovir of these particular strains was most credibly an altered thymidine kinase protein (Sutton Boyd, 1993) or it could have been that a mutation occurred in the viral DNA polymerase (Suzutani et al., 2003). The thymidine kinase protein allows for acyclovir to become active but only in cells which are infected with HSV (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Cidofovir and foscanet act directly on the viral DNA polymerase without the need of activation by viral thymidine kinase. The molecules cidofovir and fo scarnet are both active on the HSV which is resistant to acyclovir, this is due to a mutation in the thymidine kinase gene (Blot et al., 2000), however in clinical practice the molecules cidofovir and foscarnet are associated with high levels of toxicity. Managing a acyclovir resistant HSV infection can be further improved by decreasing immunosuppressive treatments for the patient (Collins Oliver, 1986).In vitro detection of resistanceIn vitro evaluation of HSV susceptibility to antiviral drugs is based on the determination of viral replication inhibition in the presence of increasing concentrations of antiviral drugs. There are three techniques which are available to reveal viral replication plaque reduction assay which is the reference technique, dye uptake method (Langlois et al., 1986) and DNA hybridisation test (Swierkosz et al., 1987). The dye uptake method and DNA hybridisation test are known to be less time consuming as the reading cytopathic effect is automatable (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The concentration of antiviral drugs can be determined by the three techniques mentioned which can lead to viral replication inhibition by 50% (inhibitory concentration 50%, IC50). To discriminate between the resistant strains, IC50 thresholds must be defined for every single virus and antiviral drug set. The value are determined using the mean value obtained for susceptible viruses. These thresholds are arbitrary and the detection of resistance is coming from the evolution of IC50 values of sequential isolates from a patient. There has been a development of several screening techniques using a limited number of viral dilutions and antiviral drug concentrations (Danve et al., 2002).The phenotypic methods all require isolation of viral strains on the cell cultures. This is time consuming and can delay the adaptation of antiviral treatment according to in vitro susceptibility (Danve et al., 2002). Therefore genotypic tests are being developed in order to detect the r esistant virus strains at a much shorter time delay (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The viral genes which are used to encode thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase are amplified by PCR and the products then produced by PCR can be then sequenced. The main area of concern lies in the fact that many nucleotide substitutions can be found and they must then be set as the mutations which are responsible for resistance. This rendition will made easier as more results on mutations detected in the resistant isolates are then collected for future comparison and analysis.Natural products with anti-herpes simplex virus activityA phenolic compound known as Caffeic acid which is shown below, is an effective substance in Plantago major (Figure 2 edge et al., 1999). It has been shown to exhibit strong activity against HSV-1 but decreased activity against herpes simplex 2 (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). Reducing the number of hydroxyl groups from the phenolic compound has also shown to sign up activity again st HSV-1 (Chiang et al., 2002).Curcumin (Figure 3A) which is shown below is another phenolic compound and is mainly present in the spice turmeric and was found to inhibit genes of HSV-1 by an unknown mechanism (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). It has also been previously shown that curcumin is slightly active against HSV-2 in vitro. An in vivo assay with the use of a mouse model of intravaginal HSV-2 infections showed that curcumin can provide significant protection (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). In a further experiment cineole (Figure 3B), exhibited very similar results to curcumin, whilst eugenol (Figure 3C) provided results in the mouse model which showed the most promise (Mundinger Efferth, 2008).This study was then repeated but this time with the use of guinea pigs to represent the course of HSV-2 infection. The use of guinea pigs allowed for a more completed representation of the infection that could occur in humans. The results showed that eugenol was again highly effective (Munding er Efferth, 2008). The use of eugenol resulted in fewer animals developing primary infections. Benencia and Courreges have confirmed the enduringness of eugenol at preventing virus replication (Benencia Courrges, 2000). Therefore, it was suggested that eugenol may damage the envelope proteins of the newly-synthesised virus particles (Serkedjieva Manolova, 1992).In the animal models, it was shown that capsaicin was effective against HSV. Although, it was noxious when it was applied to the mucous membranes and also caused an acid burning sensation. Consequently, civamide (Figure 4) was tested in animal models as it is less noxious. When civamide was administered prior to the virus challenge it was shown to reduce primary infections, it was also to shown to reduce the effect of the infection after the virus challenge (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). Civamide was also shown to reduce the latent infection recurrence but only when it was used as a weekly treatment for suppressive maintena nce therapy (Bourne et al., 1999).Propolis has long been seen as a natural product for antiviral treatments. Nine flavonoids were identified from propolis which were tested for their level of effectiveness against HSV (Amoros et al., 1992). From the group of substances which were tested, galangin and kaempferol (Figure 5) were shown to have the highest anti-HSV in vitro activity (Lyu et al., 2005).A monoterpene which is found in several essential oils named isoborneol (Figure 5), was found to exhibit interesting anti-HSV activity which warranted further investigation. The tests showed that isoborneol was quickly able to deactivate HSV with a 30 minute period of exposure, and it was also completely able to inhibit viral replication at very low concentrations. The presence of isoborneol allowed for the glycosylation of certain viral polypeptides to be inhibited, whilst the glycosylation of cellular proteins remained unchanged. Glycosylation was normal in the presence of isoborneol wh en copies of the viral proteins were introduced into the cellular genome (Armaka et al., 1999). These results seemingly indicate that isoborneol may be a promising new candidate for HSV treatment.Several sulphated polysaccharides have shown to possess anti-HSV activity, and many carrageenans which are mainly found in red seaweed have been shown to be active against HSV infections. In models of intravaginal HSV-2 infection, mice were shown to exhibit significant signs of protection against HSV infections (Bourne et al., 1999 Talarico et al., 2004), and they were also protected from infection in the abdominal cavity when carrageenan was administered after infection (Pujol et al., 2006).ConclusionInfections of HSV have a high occurrence globally therefore the number of infections is not expected to decrease significantly over the next couple of years. Due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients and prolonged period of standardised treatment this can only exacerbate the p roblems caused by drug resistant HSV.The increasing use of acyclovir as the immediate antiviral drug of use to treat an HSV infection has increased the fear of the increasing numbers of acyclovir resistant infections, notably in prophylaxis treatments among transplant patients. However, studies that have been conducted have shown that acyclovir resistant HSV is largely a concern for severely immunocompromised patients, such as those patients who have received a bone marrow from an allogeneic origin. When an acyclovir resistant strain of HSV arises it is best to manage the infection with other antiviral drugs which have different mechanisms of action, the most useful two to use would be foscarnet or cidofovir.There is an urgent need for new treatment options to be developed as current treatment options do remain limited. There is the main use of acyclovir and then the subsequent use of foscarnet or cidofovir which is only used if acyclovir resistance is present. This shows that there is a limited enumerate of effective treatments available. Therefore, new treatments must be made available in order to avoid any future HSV epidemics.The antiviral potential of the natural products indicates that there is still a wide range of compounds which could be useful in the battle against drug resistant HSV, mainly HSV which is resistant to acyclovir as it is the main major concern moving forward. Therefore, it is highly advised that research in this area continues so that an even larger amount of compounds can be identified in order to combat drug resistant HSV.

GM Holden Ltd Analysis

GM Holden Ltd AnalysisIntroductionGM Holden Ltd, commonly designated Holden, is an Australian auto turn overr that operates in Australasia and is headquartered in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The smart set was founded in 1856 as a saddler manufacturer. In 1908 it moved into the automotive field, before change state a subsidiary of the United States-based General Motors (GM) in 1931. After becoming a subsidiary of GM, the company was named General Motors-Holdens Ltd, becoming Holden Ltd in 1998the current name was adopted in 2005. There is a high demand for Holden in New Zealand grocery store. Market partition is a concept in economics and merchandising. A merchandise segment is a sub set of a marketplace made up of mass or organization with characteristics that cause them to demand similar crossroads based on qualities of those products or as impairment. True market variance meets each of the following criteria it is distinct from other segments (different segments have diff erent needs), it is homogeneous within the segment (exhibits and common needs) it responds similarly to a market stimulus, and it fecal matter be r each(prenominal)ed by a market intervention. The term is also used when consumers with identical product needs ar divided into groups so they can be charged different amounts.In this assignment the New Zealand market for Holden products is segmented to understand the customer needs and provide them with different kinds of Model and developing a marketing cockle that will sustain the tar limit market.In this study segmentation is analysed in four stagesAssess the potential for market segmentation.Apply market segmentation process.Determine positioning strategies for chosen segments.Relate market segmentation to the marketing mix.Question 1Assess the potential for market segmentation.Examine the implication of market segmentation to determine precise targeting of marketing in terms of the needs, wants and behaviours of markets.Ans. Ref erence to use of resources The resources in the business can be people, money, place etc. The central resource to run the business is people and money. There is a need of investment to start and run the business in a profitable way. tidy sum are also very important in the business with emerge people we cant start our business. Holden establish its business at that places from where they can get raw material very easily and reduce transport expenses.Understanding and meeting customers needs It is very important to find out what the customers want. Firstly Holden identify the needs of the customers and and then according to the need of the customers they made different models.Identification of competitors activities To gain the competitive advantages, Holden collect nurture about the competitors activity, what they are doing in the market to do to a greater extent sales like as Toyota, Hyundai, Mazda and many more.Evaluation of market implementation by segments Market performan ce is the amount of sale in a business. There are different groups in a business which gives different turnover rate in the market. So it is necessary to find the most suitable group providing the expected market performance.Identification of significant cultural influence New Zealand is a multicultural country. The customers priorities are affected by his/her ethnic background. So it could not satisfy all the needs of the market of cultural groups at the same time. Therefore, Holden make necessary efforts in the market to attract different cultural groups.Question 2 Apply market segmentation processes.Identify segmentation bases for markets and acknowledge geographic, demographic, psychographics and behaviouristic fashion.Ans HoldenNo.Name of productIncome segmentProduct usage and potentialSegment size and ingatheringSegment attracterObjectives and resourcesCompetition1CommodoreAbove $35,000Low10 %AverageAverageLow2Captiva$20,000-$25,000 strong point30%Very goodSufficientMediu m3CruzeBelow $20,000High60 %excellentPlentyHighCommodore People pervert this model that have above $30,000 income. The competition of this model in the market is low as the price is very high. Due to high price the usage of this gondola car is also very low. Segment size and growth is also very less.Captiva The usage of this car is medium in the market as the price is affordable to middle straighten out family. Income group between $20,000-$25,000 buy this car. The competition of this this car in the market is medium. Segment attractiveness is also good.Cruze Most of the people prefer to buy this car. Below $20,000 income group buy this model. The usage of this car is very high in the market. The competition of this car is very high because the price is affordable. Objectives and resources of this car are plenty. Segment attractiveness is excellent.Question 3 Determine positioning strategies for chosen segments.3.1 Select target market segments and apply segmentation strategies.A ns Positioning A marketing strategy that aims to make a brand occupy a distinct position, relative to competing brands, in the mind of the customer. Companies apply this strategy either by emphasizing the distinguishing features of their brand (what it is, what it does and how, etc.) or they whitethorn try to create a suitable image (inexpensive or premium, utilitarian or luxurious, entry-level or high-end, etc.) through advertising. Once a brand is positioned, it is very fractious to reposition it without destroying its credibility.Undifferentiated Market Sales-growth strategy that ignores market segment differences and attempts to appeal to all prospective customers with a single, basic product line through smoke advertising and distribution.Differentiated Marketing A sales growth strategy in which several market niches or population segments are targeted with different products for each niche or segment.Concentrated marketing Growth strategy in which resources of a firm are foc used on a well-defined market niche or population segment. individualistised Marketing Any kind of communication to individuals by the companies or retailers can be termed as individual marketing. Individual marketing is often customized as per the individual customers. The demand can be directly communicated to the suppliers or manufacturers and they can be provided with customized products as per their demand.3.2 Establish positioning variables for each target market segment and determine positioning strategies.Ans Product Attributes The HOLDEN produces all kind of vehicles, such(prenominal) as sports cars, luxury cars, sports utility vehicles and fuel efficient cars as well. These all are the product attribute. This provides a wide selection range to the buyers. Thats why, HOLDEN manufactures vehicles of all classes according to the demands of the people and their excerpt, in this way, the business can increase more value in the New Zealand market.Usage and Users Usage is defin ed as the way that something is being used, or to the proper way to make use of something. In a market, it is very necessary to look into the usage of the products and the users. The use of the vehicles may vary according to the age group of users. The Holden made its product according to the different type of users. Such as luxury cars for elite class, sports racing cars for youngsters and fuel efficient cars for middle class.Product Class Product class means that the group or range of products according to the class of people. For example, HOLDEN makes their cars to target the every class of society. They make cars from 1500-2000cc up to 7000cc sports cars. They are classified into different people according to their income, and class.Customer Needs and Benefits It is very important in the railway car industry that the cars which are available for users are satisfying their needs and providing the benefits to them. That means the car which is purchased by customer is fulfilling hi s requirements and putting no additional pressure of maintenance cost on buyer. Competition Holden have a lot of competitors in NZ automobile market. Everyone introduce cars with better features and affordable prices. So, it is necessary for HOLDEN to build such type of cars which are able to compete with the rival companies. Its also very important to keep the price of newly built cars in the reach of customers.Cultural Factors Culture is the most basic reason is that effects persons choice while buying a vehicle in New Zealand. New Zealand is a multicultural country, so they need to make the cars for satisfying needs of all ethnic groups. Like, the people from Asian countries are always show interest to buy cars from Asian manufacturers because they are less costly as compared to other brands. This ingredient also effects the sale of Holdens vehicles.Question 4 Relate market segmentation to the marketing mix.4.1 Assess the implications of market positioning strategies for marketi ng mix decisions in terms of organisational marketing objectives.Ans Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing and by marketing professionals. The marketing mix is a planned mix of the controllable elements of a products marketing plan commonly terms such as, Price, Product, Place and Promotion.Product In every business, quality product is the main factor for running a business. So if the products are not qualitative enough, then there is more probability of losing the customer but if we have qualitative product, then more customers gets attracted and there will be more sale. Hence, qualitative product for the customers helps to make more profit in a business. As our Company is Holden, our products must meet that standard. All the customers must feel they are getting more than they paying.Price If the price of the Holden cars are affordable and economic, and if there are more models and offers then its obvious the sales will increase. If the price doesnt w orth then people buy other brands of car because the competition is more in the NZ market so it will effect on the business.Promotion To run the business, it is very necessary to do the promotion of the newly cars. There are various ways to promote the business such as give advertisements of the different models of cars. In this ways, we can create good picture of our product in different style into peoples mind.Place In the car business, it is essential to choose the right place for the business to run successful. If the place is not suitable then no one will go there and buy. We should establish our car business in the city where people can see upcoming models. And can buy and fulfil their needs.4.2 Recommend observe mechanisms for market positioning strategies according to strategic marketing plans.Ans. Plan Control The Plans are done by the top and middle management to get the one-year report of the results whether the results are achieved or not. With the help of plan control , one can compare the actual plans with the standard plans to get the variance between them and also it provides the sales and market share analysis.Feedback we need to get feedback from our customers whether the like our new models or not. If not which feature they dont like or what feature should include according to them. From the feedback we can know the need of the customers.Survey in this survey there are questions and you needed to tick or give yes or no according to the customers need. From the question given in the survey we can find out the actual needs of the customers like any new features etc.

the role change of Japans culture :: essays research papers

The Role Change of Japans Culture     My experiences in Japan go been surreal in that the cultural behaviors are nearly an exact opposite to those with which I had grown up. The order of daily life is solely dependent on the roles and duties of each individual. When people begin to go against the regular flow of the excepted norms, great controversy is created. Japanese culture patterns follow a specific code that is rarely altered. When they are disturbed, there is panic caused by the insecurities of change.     The identity of Japanese culture is collectivism. Japans culture is dependent on the community of the people. The Japanese do not progress to for individual success, but rather for group accomplishment. It is better for the group as a whole to be healthy than for one person to achieve higher(prenominal) status. The Japanese do not believe in leaving one person behind, they would rather slow the entire group shovel in until that pe rson nookie catch up. In addition, the person who is slowing the group down will feel shame because he has hurt his "family". For example, I volunteered in a Kindergarten in Shinagawa the last four months, and one day there was a little boy who was moving his chair into the group much more slowly than the opposite students. The other students sat quietly watching him. When he finally put his chair down and the teacher was order to begin, the student did not have his materials ready and had to go back to the closet to get things. The teacher became agitated and went after the boy. She pointed to the clock and spoke to him sternly. Then she looked at the students and held him so they could all look at him as she reprimanded him. The child did not scream or cry for his mother as I expected. Instead he looked down as tears flowed down his cheeks. The other students went back to looking at the teachers chair and she returned and did the lesson without the boy. The boy continue d to stand still until the group finished and then he rejoined them. I had seen the students hitting each other and misbehaving many times, but I never saw a student get punished by a teacher until this day. This boy, at four years old, was feeling Haji (shame). He had hurt the group by cutting their time short.

Disgrace: Parent-Child Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

Family is often a common theme that is shared across many of J.M Coetzee novels. Family members are usually distant to separately other or the relationships between parents and children do not succeed in a conventional way. When Coetzee allows for members to engage in relationships with one another they are any strained or tainted by violence (Splendore 148). This is especially true in his novel Disgrace. In Disgrace David Lurie, an English professor, is arguably forced to reconcile from his position at the University, because of this Lurie moves to his daughters farm in Eastern Cape. The pair appears to build a normal relationship most of the time, but there is some diaphanous discomfort. As time progresses the relationship begins to improve, only to be ruined by an attack. Lurie is locked up, beaten and set on fire, where Lucy, his daughter, is gang raped and left with a pregnancy. It is at this point that their relationship begins to crumble. Although Lurie loves his daughter it is his failed attempts to understand her situation and his eagerness to push her in the right direction that lead to a colder, more distant relationship.Luries displays of love towards Lucy are undeniable. From the attack on Lurie shows overwhelming amounts of love for Lucy. This is mostly apparent during the attack, where Lurie very seldom shows any concern for his own well-being, but shows capacious amounts for Lucys, even when his own life is in jeopardy. As soon as Lurie regains consciousness, and realizes that he has been locked in the bathroom he begins to worry about his child in the hands of strangers and that whatever is happening to her will be set in stone (Coetzee 94). With these thoughts in mind Lurie attempts to escape by kic... ...e end of the novel Lucy and Lurie have grown so far apart that they rarely speak or spend any time together, this is all a result of the problems that Luries dignity to her situation. Works CitedCoetzee, J.M. Disgrace . New York Penguin Books, 2000. Print.Dooley, Gillian. J. M. Coetzee and the power of narrative . Amherst, NY Cambria Press, 2010. Print.Kossew, Sue. The Politics of Shame and Redemption in J.M Coetzees Disgrace. Research in African Literatures 34.2 (2003) 155 162. Project hypothesise . Web. 26 Oct. 2010.McDonald, Bill. Encountering disgrace reading and teaching Coetzees novel. Rochester, NY Camden House, 2009. Print.Splendore, Paola . No more mothers and father The Family Sib-Text in J.M Coetzees Novels. Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38.3 (2003) 148-161. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. Web. 26 Oct. 2010