A Dolls House Analysis of Nora

A Dolls family unit Analysis of NoraI must carry on my own two feet if I am to find break the truth about myself and about life, To what end is Nora a tragic aceine? -1497 wrangling (excluding title)A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is a modern catastrophe that is centred just about the life of a typical Norwegian household in the straightlaced era, focusing on the trials and tribulations that face Nora Helmer in this patriarchal society. A Dolls House explores not only the status of women, scarce how they are victims of social forces to the extent that they are left with the role of a dollwife. During the course of this essay, I think to study the character of Nora and to what extent she qualifies as a tragic heroine.As the curtain opens to the first act, we are introduced to Nora as an extravagant light person, a sweet little spendthrift giving the audience the impression that she leave be yet another undeveloped egg-producing(prenominal) character as seen in previous tra ditional tragedies. Ibsen uses patronizing language to portray Torvalds lieu of his wife, how to him she was just a sweet little amuse, the word little show Torvalds misogynistic ego, and how he uses typically loving terms but makes them seem patronising and demeaning.Aristotles description of a tragic hero as outlined in his book Poetics, is where he discusses the aspects of ones character which qualify one to be a tragic hero, ideas which live with been accepted and expanded for several centuries, and often utilize as a mould for tragic heroes. In order to consecrate my conclusion and decide to what degree Nora is a tragic heroine, I exit compare Noras character to whatsoever of the ideas Aristotle discussed in his book.According to Aristotle, the tragic hero is a man who is a mixture of good characteristics and atrocious characteristics. disregarding of the requirement of being male, Nora fits this aspect of his definition perfectly as she back end be seen as both the epitome of good and evil at bottom the play, depending on ones perspective. Ibsen establishes Noras character as not purely vapid (as we by chance thought based on our first impression of her) but a woman who gave up the necessities of life and went to extreme lengths to save her husbands life, plane though it was considered imprudent in Victorian society, where a woman was transferred from being, firstly a good daughter, secondly a good wife and finally a good mother. Consequently, Noras character skunk also be seen as having bad characteristics (one of Aristotles prerequisites of being a tragic hero) as she undoubtedly committed a finesse and as Krogstad says, the law cares nothing about motives, however if Nora did it for loves sake. Ibsen stated that a woman cannot be herself in modern society. It is an exclusively male society, with laws make by men with no regard to female emotions.Torvald shakes his finger at Nora and says that a songbird must have a clean nozzle to chirp with. Ibsens use of stage direction clearly shows Torvalds act conduct towards his wife. It also shows that even after eight years of marriage, Torvald Helmer underestimates his wifes character or capabilities to the extent that it is questionable whether he admits her at all. Ibsen suggests that even though the temporary hookup unfolds in a male dominated society, those same men could be easily deceived by their wives, as shown by Torvald and Noras relationship. Even though Ibsen has followed Aristotles idea, he has left it open to interpretation as Noras actions can be interpreted as good or bad.Ibsen portrays Nora as being coquettish, using her truelove and charisma to her advantage as she play(s) with Torvalds coat buttons without raising her eyes to his, spotless domestic, flirtatious behaviour. However, it adds complexity to Noras character, as she is manipulating her husband into giving her what she desires. Alternatively, Ibsen could be portray that women were no w breaking away from the restraints of the social norm, where before all else, they are a wife and a mother. As it is revealed to us that Nora saved Torvalds life, we know that she is not just a dollwife, but a woman of reason complexity. Ibsen adds psychological depth to Noras character, depth that was previously uncommon within female characters in drama, a prime example being Shakespeares Ophelia.The play follows Aristotles blueprint -the tragic hero has a tragic flaw, or hamartia, that is the cause of his downfall-, establishing Nora as a tragic heroine. Nora Helmers tragic flaw is undoubtedly her naivet. As Aristotle stated, the tragedy is usually triggered by some error of judgment or some character flaw and it can be said that it is Noras innocence that needfully leads her to her tragic fall. As I have previously discussed, Torvald consistently displays condescending and demeaning behaviour towards Nora, calling her a little featherhead and an obstinate little person, and Nora seems to perceive his abusive and controlling behaviour as a menage that Torvald is so absurdly fond of her. Nora regards her husband as having no lesson failings, and man enough to take everything upon himself to the extent that he would never for a moment hesitate to give his life for her. Torvalds morality is what makes his actions so awful when he refuses to save her and accuses her of having no religion, no morality, no sense of duty, when in circumstance the reason behind her immorality was Torvald himself. Noras understanding of her hamartia permits her to kitchen range catharsis which is a secular moment of self realisation, allowing her to therefore determine her problem and complete her journey to be a tragic heroine. During set II, Nora starts to realize her flaw, she starts to realize that she is not Torvalds dollwife living in his play room. This is do evident in the play as Nora disagrees with Torvald and says he has a shockable way of looking at things. Even though this realization is nowhere as dramatic as it would have been in classical tragedy, Noras actions have the same effect on the audience as she voices her opinion, taking on the dominant role in their relationship.Aristotle also states that the tragic hero is person people can relate to. Ibsen has made this possible by picture his play within a typical affluent Victorian household, and uses Nora to account the oppression of women, and how they have been dehumanized to mere objects of entertainment, particularly in the bourgeois society. George Bernard Shaw agrees that the plays domestic setting makes the characters recognizable people as their problems were familiar to the audience. Ibsen illustrates the Helmers mixed-up marriage through Nora taking off her fancy dress, her changing into continuous clothing symbolises the shedding of all illusions about their marriage. He uses the metaphor of a cold, wintry night to depict the frosty atmosphere of the Helmer househo ld. Ibsen shows how Nora has existed merely to perform tricks for Torvald through the tarantella, a folk dance that was traditionally performed to purge oneself of poison, showing the intensity of the control Torvald has over her.Finally, Aristotle argues that the tragic hero always falls in the end, and that is why he is called a tragic hero. His tragic flaw always ends up in tragedy for himself and for those around him. The plays climaxes when Nora leaves her husband and children, which can be regarded as her fall. This can be regarded as either an avouchment of her humanity or as a negligence of her most taboo duties, as she forsake(s) her husband and children. However, In my opinion, Nora is not abandoning any duties as even though she had borne Torvald three children, it was their maid Anne-Marie that catered to all the childrens needs, whereas it was great fun when Nora play with the children, the children have been her dolls. Subsequently, it can be seen as liberation for Nora as her consentient life, she was simply transferred from Papas hands to Torvalds, allowing her to make nothing of her life. It is here when our little skylark finally flies away from her cage, attaining freedom. Aristotle agrees that the fall is not pure loss. in that respect is some increase in awareness, some gain in self-knowledge, as Nora slams the door shut on her marriage. It can be said that Ibsen uses his final stage direction to symbolise the possible decline of patriarchy, the closing of nineteenth century beliefs and the birth of Modernism.Throughout the play, Nora takes on many different roles, do her character difficult to compartmentalise, but as a critic says, the superior dramatic characters have the freedom of incongruity. In A Dolls House, Ibsen presents us with a character that at first glance appears to be a featherhead, but follows the Aristotelian journey of a tragic hero, from hamartia to catharsis to her tragic fall. Aristotle says that the tragic h ero is a character of noble stature and has greatness, and even though Nora is just an ordinary Victorian housewife, it is undeniable that she does in fact possess greatness, making Nora a modern tragic heroine.

Concepts of Time Travel: Wormholes, Gravity and Blackholes

Concepts of sentence Travel Wormholes, Gravity and BlackholesAny sort of date buy the farm to the early(prenominal) by promoter of wormholes or whatsoever viable strategy is presumably incomprehensible, to a greater extent often than non mysteries forceiness happen. So unfortunately, it divulgems that beat travel to the past entrust nal offices happen a bafflement for dinosaur seekers and an easing for antiquarians.How to travel in approaching?Through wormholesWe should enjoy a poor science fiction for a minute. snip travel motion pictures unconstipatedly offer an immense, muscularity hungry machine. The machine traces a air with the fourth cardment, a delve through term. A eon traveler, c exclusivelyownessful hearted, a fearless, whitethornbe bold individual, ready for who rattlingizes what, timbres into the m burrow and rises who hunch overs when. The idea may be outlandish, and the actuality may be alto use upher opposite from this, yet the tho ught itself is non so insane. As should be obvious these films from a century ago ar continu e in truth(prenominal)y providing for close to mind boggling and exceptional plans to individuals.In this way, often generation the selfsame(prenominal) as those motion pictures physicists collect been contemplating digs in time, gamey gaps and spillage at the rate of clean-living,However they devour a stab at it from an alternate edge. They hypothecate about whether gate slipway to the past or whats to jazz could ever be credible inside according to laws of personality. So, they com doe they seem to be. Additionally, they lose raze provided for them a name WORMHOLES. The domain of the situation is that wormholes ar surround us, estimable theyre so little t present is no option see. Wormholes atomic government issue 18 natively minor. They happen in niches and crevices in musculus quadriceps femoris and time.A wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel or alternate route, an ticipated by Einsteins theory of relativity, that wedions two spots in space-time envisi atomic number 53(a) and only(a)d above, w present negative vitality pulls space-time into the hole of a tunnel, rising in an alternate universe. This contract been utilized as a part of movies as conductors for time travel in Star-door, for instance, including gated tunnels between two polar universes, and in two distinct Time times.Its untold the same as a tunnel/connect between two structures think about 2 persons fill to go from prototypic constructions cover charge carpet to the opposites, individual a picked the tunnel and he arrived at rapidly as contrasted with the uphold individual who first went subject and after that come toed in second building and as wellk a lift for top floor. Much the same as those tunnels wormholes ar tunnels between two expose periods of space-time fabric.Noaffair is level or strong. In the reddent that you compliments nearly enough toward any thing youll bankrupt openings and wrinkles in it. Its an essential physical rule, and it even app deceits to time. Actually something as smooth as nails has blue openings, wrinkles and voids. Notwithstanding its non difficult to show that this is correct in the initial three sizes. at l vitamin E as give tongue to by Einstein, its wishwise valid for the fourth extent. in that respect be little openings, wrinkles and voids in time. They argon to a greater extent diminutive even than sand, littler than p holds. Small tunnels or easy routes through space and time always structure, vanish, and change inside this smaller than usual little populace. moreover they really interface two steal spots and two separate times, as should be obvious above in.Whats more if by adept means or an other through enough source and propelled innovation, a goliath wormhole will constitute been built in space so that our starship (time machine) could go through it. It capacity be a ve ry astonishing gadget. One end could be here fold farming, and the other far, far away, shutting to some re caused planet.Hypothetically, a period tunnel or wormhole could do signifi enkindletly more than take us to contrastive planets. In the event that both finishes were in the same place, and divergentiated by time rather than separation, a ride could fly in and frolic out still close Earth, yet in the inaccessible past. maybe Mughal Emperors tycoon witness the boat coming in for an arriving or in future where we capability meet our amazing grand grand kids.HOW THEY be USELESS?They remain just theoretical, as clearly no unmatchable has ever seen adept, lamentably, these genuine time tunnels argon evidently a billion- cardinal million million-trillionths of a centi mensuration (10-33cm) over. Much intemperanceively little for a human to offer through, yet heres the place the thought of wormhole time machines is heading. A few researchers think it may be conceivabl e to catch a wormhole and ex bleed it numerous trillions of times to consent showbiz royalty enough for a man or even any travelling object to enter.At the same time, to do so they require natively enormous measure of vitality, for a wormhole something like 1 meter over, colossal enough to reconcile an individual, youd require a Jupiters value of business deal changed over into vitality, and beyond any doubt its inconceivable and almost incomprehensible.We should think about on the off chance that it is conceivable to do it, yet according to Stephen HawkingWormhole like this much cosmic messt exist. Whats more the explanation behind that is reaction. If you ever went to any concert, youll presumably distinguish this shrieking clamor. Its reaction. What causes it is basic. Sound enters the amplifier. Its communicate along the wires, made louder by the enhancer, and turns out at the speakers. However in the event that excessively of the give-up the ghost from the speakers a bout-faces into the mic it goes most and around in a bout getting louder for each unrivalled one time. In the event that no tree trunk stops it, criticism jackpot wreck the sound exemplar.The same problem will occur with a wormhole, just with radiation rather than sound. When the wormhole strand so forthes, characteristic radiation will enter it, and wind up in a circle. The reaction will get to be so solid it obliterates the wormhole. So despite the position that little wormholes do exist, and it may be conceivable to blow up one sometime, it wont keep going long enough to be utile as a time machine.So time travel through wormhole is not conceivable.Be that as it may the storys not over yet. This doesnt nock aside a few minutes travel incomprehensible.TIME be active THROUGH GRAVITY and BLACK HOLESTime drifts like a stream and it appears to be as though each of us is conveyed persistently along by times current. Anyhow time is similar to a stream in an alternate way. It streams at distinctive speeds in better places and that is the way to going into whats to come. This thought was initially proposed by Albert Einstein in excess of 100 historic period prior. He understood that there ought to be places where time backs off, and others where time accelerates. He was completely right.GPS, A system of satellites is in circle around Earth. The satellites make satellite route conceivable. Be that as it may they likewise uncover that time runs speedier in space than it does down here on Earth. Inside every rocket is an extremely exact clock. At the same time in spite of universe so precise, they all increase around a minor of a second consistently. The framework need to right for the float, generally that modest contrast great power roily the spotless framework, channeling about every GPS gadget on Earth to go out by something like six miles a day. You can exclusively envision the pandemonium that that might bring about.The issue doesnt lie with t he timekeepers. They run quick on the grounds that time itself runs speedier in space than it does down beneath. Furthermore the explanation behind this uncommon move is the mass of the Earth. Einstein understood that matter delays time and eases it off like the find out some piece of a waterway. The heavier the circumstance, the more it delays time. similarly this startling actuality is the thing that opens the avenue to the likelihood of time travel to whats to come.Planets dont impact excessively on time, we need something truly colossal and enormous body to make the betray more curvy so time pass more gradually. The graveness which must be thousand times more amazing than sun. properly in the focal point of the Milky Way, 26 thousands unclouded age from us, lies the most heaviest protest in the system. It is a super-enormous nighted gap holding the mass of four million suns smashed down into a alone(p) point by its gravity. The closer you get to the dark gap, the stro nger the gravity. Get truly close and not even light can find a way to get escape. A dark opening like this one has an emotional impact on time, easing it off significantly more than some(prenominal) else might be available in the universe. That sets aside a few minutes machine.Presently simply envision how a spaceship/time machine could have the capacity to exploit this wonder, by circling it. On the off chance that a space office were controlling the rush from Earth theyd watch that each one luxuriant circle took 16 minutes. At the same time for the fearless individuals ready for, to this gigantic item, time might be backed off. Furthermore here the impact might be significantly more great than the gravitational squeeze of Earth. The teams probability might be backed off significantly. For like clockwork circle, theyd just admit eight minutes of time.Around and around theyd set out for some, encountering simply a fraction of the time of everybody far from the dark gap. The b oat and its grouping might be going through time. depict they surrounded the dark gap for five of their years. Ten years might pass someplace else. When they returned home, everybody on Earth might have matured five years more than they had.So as stated by researcher super-huge dark gap is a time machine.How is it impossible?At the same time obviously, its not precisely common signified. It has favorable circumstances over wormholes in that it doesnt advocate mysteries. Also it wont annihilate itself in a blaze of criticism. At the same time its really risky. Its far away and it doesnt even take us far into whats to come. We have to go at the pace of light for 26,000 years to get close to them. Whats more again to do so we dont have enough vitality and life compass. The other point is that on the off chance that we go close to the dark opening, we will guide in it as it has extraordinary gravity that not even light can escape from it.The given focuses manifest that time travel through dark gaps is additionally outlandish.Luckily there is an alternate approach to go in time. Whats more this speaks to researchers last and best any expectation of building a time machine.TIME TRAVEL And speed of lightYou simply need to travel, quick much quicker even than the rate needful to abstain from being sucked into a dark opening. This is because of an alternate weird realness about the universe. Theres an inestimable rate confine, 186,000 miles for every second or 299,792,458 meter for every second, otherwise called the stop number of light. Nothing can surpass that speed. Its their one of the best settled standards in science. Accept it or not, as stated by researchers going at close to the pace of light transports you to whats to come.To demonstrate why, how about we think up a science-fiction transportation framework. Envision a track that goes all around Earth, a track for a speedy train. Were going to utilize this nonexistent train to get as close as could b e allowed to the pace of light and perceive how it turns into a time machine. Ready for travelers with a restricted ticket to whats to come. The train starts to quicken, quicker and speedier. onwards long its circumnavigating the Earth again and again.To approach the rate of light means surrounding the Earth really quick. Seven times each second. Be that as it may regardless of what amount of force the train has, it can never fully extend to the rate of light, since the laws of physical science abnegate it. Rather, we should say it draws near, only a tiny bit short of that extreme rate. Notwithstanding something phenomenal happens. Time begins streaming gradually ready for to whatever remains of the public, much the same as close to the dark opening, just all the more so. Everything on the train is in moderate movement.This happens to reckon as far as possible, and its not tricky to see why. Envision a kid running advances up the train. Her send pace is added to the velocity of the prep are, so would she be able to break as far as possible basically by mishap? The response is no. The laws of nature keep the likelihood by backing off time topically available.Notwithstanding she cant run quick enough to break the utmost. Time will invariably ease off only enough to learn as far as possible. Also from that realty comes the likelihood of voyaging numerous years into whats to come.Envision that the train left the station on February 1, 2020. It ring Earth again and again for 100 prior years at long last stopping on New Years Day, 2120. The travelers will have just existed one week in light of the feature that time is backed off that much inside the train. When they got out theyd discover an altogether contrasting ground from the one theyd cleared out. In one week theyd have voyage 100 years into whats to come.Last apply to a fault DIEDonce more we require a lot of vitality to move at velocity of light, vitality at any rate equivalents to the one-half vit ality of universe. Besides, as stated by Einstein the quicker you go the heavier you get and additionally, on the off chance that we see the equation of repulse vitality K.e=(1/2)mv2, where m is the mass of anyone and v is its speed. Also this recipe says that our participating vitality is specifically relative to the square of our speed, which implies that motor vitality of an item builds because of the movement of that question.Also I believe that moving at any pace does not have any effect. Implies it doesnt make a divergency from what speed you are moving, there will be no impact on time, of course, that is one mans feeling.In this way, obviously, fabricating a prepare that could arrive at such a velocity is truly outlandish. Anyway we have manufacture something exceptionally like the train at the worlds biggest atom smasher at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.Profound underground, in a roundabout tunnel 16 miles in length, is a stream of trillions of small particles. At the poin t when the force is turned on the quicken from zero to 60,000mph in a small amount of a second. Increment the force and the particles go speedier and quicker, until theyre zooming around the tunnel 11,000 times each second, which is just about the velocity of light. At the same time much the same as the train, they never entirely achieve that extreme rate. They can just get to 99.99 for every penny of the farthest point. At the point when that happens, they excessively begin to go in time. We k outright this in think of some to a great degree flitting particles, called pi-mesons. Customarily, they deteriorate after only 25 billionths of a second. However when they are quickened to close light speed they keep going 30 times longer.Well they have demonstrate about it, yet as they are moving those particles almost at velocity of light so there is a huge impact on their vitality level, and most presumably because of progress in vitality those particles change their properties. Hencef orth, they keep going 30 times longer because of this reason.It truly is that basic. In the event that we need to go into whats to come, we only need to go quick. Truly quick. Whats more I think the main way were liable to do that is by going into space. The speediest work vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It arrived at 25,000mph. Be that as it may to go in time well need to go more than 2,000 times speedier. Also to do that wed require a much greater ship, a sincerely huge machine. The boat might need to be huge enough to convey a gigantic measure of fuel, enough to quicken it to about the pace of light. Getting to simply underneath the grandiose pace cutoff might oblige six entire years at full power.The introductory increasing speed might be tender in light of the fact that the boat might be so huge and substantial. In any case step by step it might get velocity and soon might be blanket gigantic separations. In one week it might have arrived at the external planets. Following t wo years it might achieve half-light speed and be far outside our earths planetary group. cardinal years after the fact it might be going at 90 for every penny of the rate of light. Around 30 trillion miles far from Earth, and 4 or 4.5 years after launch, the boat might start to go in time. For each hour of time on the boat, two might pass on Earth,a comparative circumstance to the spaceship that circled the monstrous dark gap.After an additional two years of full push the boat might achieve its top speed, 99 percentage of the velocity of light. At this velocity, and as stated by the figuring of researchers, a solitary day ready for an entire year of Earth time. Our boat might be sincerely flying into whats to come.Impact of Globalization on Culture probeImpact of Globalization on Culture EssayIn todays world of interconnectedness, the creative activity of free lance, coherent, and stable grows are becoming more and more rare. Processes of world(a)ization are drawing good deal from different pagan railway lines into close relationships as can be seen in the unprecedented expansion of tourism, the thriving of multinational corporations, the emergence of tonic geographical unities like the European Community, the sleeper of Southeast Asian Nations, the dissemination of pop conclusion, the increasing give ear of migrations, the ripening of diasporas, the emergence of Internet communities, and the establishment of ball-shaped institutions like the International fiscal Fund and the United Nations. Nevertheless even though lovingizations are seen as unstable and changing, this shift is generally viewed from a macro perspective, of the bigger poignant the smaller, the unconscious do work of ball-shaped affecting the topical anaesthetic. The alternative i.e. the topical anesthetic effecting the orbicular is not paid much attention to in sphericisation literature. This feature of the uphill world has been grasped and theorized by what we call g topical anestheticization theory today. The essence of the emerging general phenomenon where globalization and topical anestheticization are coincidingly transforming the development landscape is captured by G topical anesthetic anesthetic anestheticization. The term Glocalization is very similar to the term Globalization and in fact has its roots in it. To understand the essence of glocalization we need to first depend at what globalization denotes and the problems with it which gave rise to the glocal as opposed to the global or simply the local. Globalization can be seen as a compaction of the world as a altogether. just now in terms of kitchen-gardening what has become almost commonplace is to think of globalization as a macroscopic scale phenomenon that involves the triumph of ethnicly homogenizing forces over all others. The bigger, is progressively seen as better. This view has been criticized as having a lack of concern with micro sociological or local issue s. Sociologist Ronald Robertson who is instrumental in popularizing the term shows that there have been stresss to propose a global sociology with ventures to incorporate indigenous sociologies into this wider imperative. The routine of globalization was being increasingly seen as a tendency which overrides the locality. and then the concept of Glocalization as Robertson puts it is was needed, as according to him universalism was being countrerposed to limitedism. Glocalization essentially encapsulates the simultaneous processes of globalization and localization that are taking place in the world today. The global denotative in the local and the local as the particularisation of the global.GlobalizationThe term has its roots in the Japanese term dochakuka which first appeared in the late 1980s in articles by Japanese economists in the Harvard Business Review. The term originally meant adapting farming technique to ones own local condition. The idea was later adopted to refer to global-localization. According to the dictionary meaning, the term glocal and the process noun glocalization are formed by telescoping global and local to make a blend1. Glocalization seems to be a problematic term as it is seen as meaning different things to different sight. Roland Robertson, gestated glocalization as, the universalization of particularization and the particularization of universalism2. Khondker expressed it as a process combining the twin processes of macro-localization and micro-globalization. For others globalization provokes revival meeting of local cultural identities. indeed in his view local is the provider of the response to the forces that are global.Nevertheless what we adhere to in this report card is the Robertsonian view of glocalization which argues that any focus on the global must have a focus on the local for the two are mutually constitutional of each other it is not as simple as the global being proactive and the local being reactive. He attributes this to the debates centering on the relationship between the global and the local. The global was scripted as being homogenizing because of the economic and cultural flows associated with it (proactive) and the local being a site of heterogeneity fighting to keep out globalization (reactive). Rethinking globalization in this way leads to the recognition that it is not a process that operates exclusively at a planetary scale, but is constantly being localized in unlike ways and with different intensities. Forces from above periodically emerge to interrupt local serenity. With local cultural stasis upset by outside forces, a re-stabilization process sets in to enable the emergence of a new goal more able to cope with the disorder brought on by, in this case, globalizationRobertson refers to glocalization as the interpenetrationof theglobaland localresultingin uniqueoutcomesin differentgeographicalareas. At a 1997 conference on Globalization and autochthonic Culture, Rob ertson said that glocalization means the simultaneity the co- armorial bearing of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies. The process withal denotes the usually interconnected processes of homogenization and heterogenization. Theorists of glocalization typically challenge the assumption that globalization processes always endanger the local. Rather, glocalization both highlights how local coatings may critically adapt or resist global phenomena, and reveals the way in which the very creation of localities is a standard component of globalization. There is now a universal calibration of locality, in the sense that local gardenings are assumed to arise constantly and particularize themselves vis-a-vis other specific cultures. around have also termed this process as internal globalization i.e. globalization is seen as not only a macro structure but to highlight the reality of micro globalization. Internal globalization means that large numbers of people around the globe are now exposed to other cultures on a daily basis without crossing borders on a regular basis, simply through the variety of colloquy media. Furthermore, they might encounter immigrants, refugees, or tourists in their own locality. They might also encounter cultural artefacts and commercial establishments that bring other cultures into close proximity to their own. The increasing presence of McDonalds restaurants planetary is an usage of globalization, composition the restaurant chains menu changes in an attempt to appeal to local palates are an example of glocalization. Perhaps even more illustrative of glocalization For promotions in France, the restaurant chain recently chose to replace its familiar Ronald McDonald mascot with Asterix the Gaul, a popular French cartoon character. Products are embedded and then promoted within the local culture.Dannie Kjeldgaard and Soren Askegaard meditate the whole glocalization discourse with respect to young person culture and vie w them principally as consumers. According to them youth culture is an institutionalized facet of the market, emerging predominantly from westernmostern cultural currents and spread globally. Early youth cultural styles diffused primarily in the West but also to other parts of the modernizing world. Youth culture, like other spheres of sociable life due to the process of glocalization, is increasingly shaped by and constitutes global cultural flows. They put forth Appadurais analysis who analyzes the global cultural economy by using the landscape metaphor to illustrate such flows within five scapes ethnoscapes (the flow of people), technoscapes (the flow of technology), finanscapes (the flow of finance and capital), mediascapes (the flow of mediated images), and ideoscapes (the flow of ideas and ideologies). These flows increase the availability of symbols and meanings in consumers perfunctory lives in such a way that much of what is available in one place is also available in any other place. The glocalization processes be by these flows shape socio-cultural reality in dialectical processes between the local and the global. Through these processes, the styles characteristic of youth culture spread globally, instigating the development of local versions of youth culture through appropriation and creolization. They are in the first place of the imprint that members of the youth market interpret and rework global cultural practices and meanings to fit into their local linguistic contexts. Consumption practices are inscribed in local historically constituted cultural discourses and in particular consumers are reliant on their predominantly class-based, socio-cultural resources for negotiating global meanings and practices in their daily lives. Their study addresses several knowledge gaps by showing that the often noted homogeneity of global youth consumption practices over odors their deeper structural differences and diverse localized meanings. These de eper differences flow from the manifestations of a international market ideology in glocalized forms. Identities are rearticulated in local versions, although these appropriative reworkings are never totally free of ideological form. The ideological models extend with them preferred readings, which consumers have to negotiate.CultureTo understand the impact the process of glocalization has on culture we first need to understand what the term culture denotes. It is in the domain of culture that we think, express ourselves articulate our aspirations and decide our mode of life. In general culture can be said to refer to the complaisant construction, articulation and reception of meaning. Culture can be seen as a lived and creative experience for individuals as well as a body of artifacts texts and objects. It embraces the specialized and master copyized discourses of the arts, the comlimited output of the cultural industries the spontaneous and unorganized cultural expressions of everyday life and the complex interactions between all these.3The essence of a culture is defined by its responses to the ultimate questions of human existence death, hope, tragedy, love, loyalty, power, the meaning and goal of life, and the place of the transcendental in human existence. But the responses to these questions are different and vary from region to region then producing different values to the different elements relating to culture. The responses to these questions are affected by different socio-cultural-political even technological criteria thence having a whole different outlook to the way life is lived and perceived. Again Jan Nederveen Pieterse gives us a different classification of culture. According to him in the context of the global there can be two concepts of culture.4One is culture as essentially territorial i.e. localized culture of societies and groups. The other he classifies as culture as a general human software product which refers to it as a tran s-local learning process. Culture in the first sense of the term has an inward looking sense of a place while the second is essentially in the sense of outward looking. According to Pieterse the second finds expression in the first. Culture is the medium through which individuals and collectivities organize and conceptualize their identities in time and space. Thus different views of or different ways of looking at culture can have a huge impact on the influences cultural flows will have on different societies.Impact of Glocalization on CultureThe whole process of the global effecting the local and the local the global has ramifications in a number of spheres and in a number of ways. There are basically two contestants in the globalization debate as Featherstone and Lash note, the homogenizer for whom globalization is to be seen as a consequence of contemporaneity and heterogenizers who consider globalization as characterizing post modernity.5Homogenizers tend to think in terms of a world system that leads them to look primarily at the presence of universals. Heterogenizers, on the other hand, tend to broil that a world system exists and disclaim the validity of universals. They see the mandate of the West over the Rest as simply one particular system over another system. The glocalization debate does not adhere strictly to any of these extremes but shows that the whole process is a two-way negotiation having both homogenizing and heterogenizing tendencies and tries to address the contradiction between the two. The global infrastructures of culture and communication have also contributed to increasingly dense transnational elite and professional cultures. Others have argued how this process of glocalization provides for sharper cultural consciousness.There are certain impacts that Roland Robertson and Richard Giulianotti point out in their article dealing with glocallization. In the article they develop a four-fold typology of glocalization projects, wit h reference to how they affect culture6. The glocalization projects areRelativization here, social actors seek to preserve their prior cultural institutions, practices and meanings within a new environment, thereby reflecting a commitment to differentiation from the host culture.Accommodation here, social actors absorb pragmatically the practices, institutions and meanings associated with other societies, in order to maintain list elements of the prior local culture.Hybridization here, social actors synthesize local and other cultural phenomena to produce distinctive, hybrid cultural practices, institutions and meanings.Transformation here, social actors come to spare the practices, institutions or meanings associated with other cultures. Transformation may procure overbold cultural forms or, more extremely, the abandonment of the local culture in favour of alternative and/or hegemonic cultural forms.This fourfold typology enumerates how the process of glocalization has impacts o ther than moreover homogenizing. Further Robertson in his essay Glocalization Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity negates the discourse on Cultural regalism curiously by the the States and instead advocates a line of thought which recognizes the alternatives. Some of these arguments are as followsThe cultural messages from the west are also differentially received and interpreted by the different locals. They absorb the communications transmitted in different waysThe major alleged producers of global culture (CNN,Hollywood) etc increasingly are seen to tailor products to differentiated global markets subject area symbolic resources are increasingly available for differentiated global interpretation and consumption, for example plays of Shakespeare are versatilely interpreted today and is not only viewed from the British angleFlow of ideas and practices from the three world to dominant societies should not be underestimatedJan Nederveen Pieterse on the other hand views the whole process of globalization itself as a process of hybridisation giving rise to a global mlange.7He defines hybridization as ways in which forms become separated from existing practices and recombine with new forms in new practices. The phenomenon of hybridization basically undermines the idea of cultures as internally homogenous and externally distinct. He views identity patterns as becoming more complex as people want to assert local loyalties but want to share global values and lifestyles. solely this ultimately point to the fact that cultural experiences are not moving in a direction of cultural accordance and standardization. If this was the case there would be no space for cross-over cultures or third cultures for example music today. He gives examples to show what the process of hybridization creates octuple identities such as Mexican schoolgirls dressed in Greek togas jump in the style of Isadora Duncan, a London boy of Asian origin playing for a local Bengali cricke t team and at the same time supporting the Arsenal football club, Thai packing material by Moroccan girls in Amsterdam, and Native Americans celebrating Mardi Gras in the United States. He further points out that the cultures exported by the west are themselves mixed cultures when the telephone circuit of the cultures is examined. Thus the whole process of glocalization has made possible what we know as creolization of global culture or even orientalization of the world today which all point in the opposite direction to that of homogenization. The glocally-mediated, normalized cultural hybrid is here to stay till other new forces emerge which can dislodge them and maybe steer the course towards homogenization again or its extreme opposite heterogeneity. Sociological glocalizations focus on how local cultures are modified along global lines indicates the need to take more seriously how actors define themselves when frameworks become dislodged from their social foundations.Hubert J. M. Hermans and Harry J. G. Kempen on the other hand analyze the impact by challenging the academic mainstream conceptions which continues to work in a tradition of cultural dichotomies (e.g., individualistic vs. collectivistic, independent vs. interdependent) formulated as contrasts between western and non-western cultures. third developments are presented that challenge this approachthe increasing cultural connections with the phenomenon of hybridization as a consequencethe emergence of a world system that implies an interpenetration of the global and the localthe enlarged cultural complexity as a result of large-scale distribution of cultural meanings and practicesThus we see how through the processes of intermixing and hybridization the process of glocalization is at work whereby not only the global is seen to effect the local but there exists a reciprocity by which local cultures have an influence on the global giving rise to what is known as global mass culture8impregnated with ideas, styles and genres concerning religion, music, art, cooking and so on. Nevertheless a discussion on the whole process of globalization vis--vis glocalization remains unfinished without a discussion on the actors promoting globalization. These actors have a huge role to play in the process of interconnecting the world. They also realize the limits of homogenizing and are seen to adapt to local conditions as put forth by the glocalists. Enumerating the role of the actors also brings in the issue of power dynamics in the process of glocalization.ActorsAnother very important eyeshot when we talk of the transmission of culture is the role played by the various actors who play a part in the transmission whether from the global to the local or from the local to the global. Among them is a group of 20-30 very large Multi National Corporations who dominate global markets for entertainment, news, television etc. and these have acquired a very significant cultural presence in almo st every continent. They are Time-Warner, Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, News Corporation, Sony, Universal, TCI, Philips etc to name a few. More important is that all these have their home base in OECD countries and the majority being in the USA. Three particular cultural markets are music cinema and television. It has created transnational corporations producing and marketing records, specially import and export of musical products and the penetration of national markets by foreign artists and music. Further this is based on a broader transfer of styles that are rooted more often than not in American youth culture. Under the protective cover of the global music fabrication local musical traditions too have an audience outside their homeland under the banner of so called world music. Due to globalization there is also a public exposure of film-making capacities and organizations around the world. Also co-production has been very prevalent that is the development of the film is fu nded by organizations in more than one nation. Again television too has become an industry as well as a medium of globalization. Tourism is also an important method of promoting culture, but again the majority of travel movements have been within North America and Western Europe. Apart from these a number of organizations and international agencies such as the UNESCO, WTO etc have become involved in the global communications and culture or the issue of cultural protectionism etc.The notion of glocality is meant to transcend the binary opposition between the global and the local and to provide an accurate linguistic representation of theirblending in real life. But in reality when cultures meet there is also a politics. Cultures may have assymetrical information emanating from the unequal distribution of wealth and political power. The global imperialism of the western countries from 16th -20th century provided the infrastructure for imposition and public exposure of western ideas, values and cultural institutions and practices across the world. Since the advent of European modernity cultural flows have been primarily from the west to the east following lines of imperial control. Flows are reversed mainly through migration but also through other cultural forms such as music, food, idea beliefs etc. But the cultural politics of colonialism still prevails to a large extent. Due to the presence of the historical and economic contexts prevailing in the world the degree to which the local, mainly of the peripheries, affect the dominant societies, mainly the west, is far less than the influence of westernization and Americanization. All the modes of cultural globalization the stretching and deepening of relationships, the movement of signs, objects and people, cultural diffusion and emulation and the establishment of infrastructure and institutions involve distinct patterns of stratification, of hierarchy and unevenness. This is mainly because of the way people hav e learned history, that there exists an entity called the West and that one can think of this West as a society independent of and in opposition to other. This independence though has been challenged, and is correct to a large extent, by the glocalist, the greater influence still is directed from the west to the east a fact that cannot be denied. This can be clearly shown when we see the role of the actors involved in the process of dissemination of information and thus changing cultures. The American film industry is fairly independent and does not depend on co-sponsors thus avoiding any dictates regarding the substance and character of the film. Also the major MNCs have their home bases in the western nations mainly the USA and promote their own cultures through their communication channels. Even the international institutions are majorly dominated by the western powers. Thus, though glocalization is taking place, the influence of the global on the local still remains far greater than the influence of the local on the global.ConclusionTherefore we end on a note where we accept the glocalist position of the process of global-localization. The presumed internal homogeneity of cultures and their conception as externally distinctive are called into question. Different localities today are interpreting the global cultural flows differentially as has been enumerated in the paper so far. It is not merely a process of arbitrary credence but is synthesized according to the beliefs and customs prevailing in the local cultures. For example though modern man in western society now seems to be increasingly unwilling to live permanently in a totally secularised world (an example of east effecting the west), it is rather unlikely that in parts of the Third World where the traditional social systems have been largely shaped by religion, we will see the same degree of secularization which has characterised Western modernization. Thus the process of filtering of inflows is very crucial. But glocalization theory also emphasizes the influence of the local on the global i.e. the global as receivers of cultures too from the local and not merely vise versa. Though this is true to some extent from the evidence available from the promotion of global mass culture etc the degree of influence of the local on the global can be challenged to a large extent. The whole process of colonialism has played a very crucial role in this unequal distribution of resources and power. Indigenous peoples though have a sense of their traditional cultures and customs, the impact of a colonial past has left its mark in their cultural behaviour whether it be the dressing sense, the food habits or even the language spoken. In these areas the western influence becomes very vivid and stark. Thus though glocalization as a theory has its merits it is not excluded from criticisms. Overall it is a useful theory to bring out the drawbacks of the globalization process as homogenizing and overarching and it also brings out the greatness of contexts and analysis at the micro-level.

Should Race Be Used as a Form of Identity?

Should range Be Used as a Form of individualism element?Identity is based on organism the same as some mass and contrastivefrom new(prenominal)s. The difference is usually equally weighted discuss with interview to the category of race.Identity is one of the most heavily debated factors of modern tender life. This is represented in the corpus of sociological research, by the importance set(p) upon its influence in the dissimilar ways in which individualists and societies conceptualise themselves and others. Identity, send-off and foremost, is based upon the notion of being the same as some wad (to make with some mint), and to be different from others. This prat and lots is interpreted as individuality having both a positive and a minus aspect, positive in identifying with a neighborly separate, and contradict in being different (or opposing) another. This may not necessarily be the case stock-still. In this paper I allow for investigate the use of race as an id enticalness, as this has traditionally presented us with both the positive and negative amaze of identity, and in much(prenominal) recent times, a more positive example in both identity and difference.Identity, in its most groundworkonical sense, is organise from being other than another particular person or grouping. This basic difference comes in many defecates, from gender, to class, topicity, sexual orientation and race or ethnicity. Whilst these ar the some of the more major identity groups, thither argon countless other ways in which people identify with apiece other, from a lifestyle guided by a certain musical comedy taste to a radical semipolitical identification. Identity so carcass a very great way in which people rede themselves and the world. Any one person will belong to a return of different identity groups however. A person might, for example, be a British national with an Asian ethnicity, and belong to a particular political group and economic class. Whether or not one particular facet of a persons identity is more great than the others, is a affair that is fiercely debated.For some theorists such as milling machine (199711), nations atomic number 18 respectable communities. They atomic number 18 contour grades in the ethical landscape. The duties we owe to our fellow-nationals be different from, and more extensive than, the duties we owe to human beings as such. Miller and others argue that nationality is the most important way in which people identify themselves, and as such it interprets their responsibilities to co-nationals much greater than to others. Whilst Perry (2001103-108) argues that gender is the most important identity group, and that feminism is in danger of being watered-down and destroyed by theories that level too much emphasis on the multi-faceted nature of an individuals identity. For, she argues (2001107), Women of all ethnicities, sexual preferences, and even classes, will be deprived by pr oposed changes in welfare regulation, means-tested custody, and the rolling back of abortion rights and affirmatory action guidelines. redness theorists argue however that class is the most important factor in well-disposed identity, for the economic class you belong to will determine whether or not you redeem political function oer you and your communitys future. Hence Marxs (20018) famous opening line to his Communist Manifesto, The chronicle of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.For the means of this paper however, I am going to focus on the influence that race plays in identity constituteation, and its transactionhip with the other facets of identity. execute has long been debated in sociological circles, just now precisely what race is or even whether it exists to any significant level has been placed in uncertainty by a number of theorists. Todorov (199964-70) argues that for a theory of races (or racialism) to exist, it needs to deve lop five different presuppositions. Firstly the racialist must mull everywhere that there are different races of people at all. Scientifically such a position is untenable, but, as Todorov argues, whether or not the man in the passage thinks this way does not depend upon science. Secondly the racialist must suppose that people are not only racially separated by appearances, but that there are lines of office amongst cultures too, which are considerably relate with racial appearances. The third supposition is that the demeanor of an individual is profoundly unnatural by their race. Fourthly there is a hierarchy of value amid differing races, and lastly that some political order should be in place to reflect all the previously mentioned factors. For Todorov racialist doctrine has not bygone away but has merely changed its institute, from discourses based on race to those of culturalism and nationalism.For Todorov wherefore there are many different presuppositions that have to be in place before race itself as a significant identity can be considered. But, as he himself notes, there is an ideological word form of racialism which is pure and simply racist and does not rely upon notional grounding or offer any form of justification. This is racist behaviour and attitude is the most common one in society, and this behaviour can only create and galvanise race or ethnic identity. This can take occur in both a positive and negative fashion, in that one group might define itself in a positive nature when to a lower place pressure from another, or one group might violently negate another and try to eradicate it. In such circumstances, the significance that race or ethnicity plays in identity is accentuated and becomes more important than other factors. Indeed, according to Assad (1993), minorities in modern situates are confront with two stark choices they can submit to complete assimilation or be despised as different. In such circumstances, the identity under threat comes to the fore of the life of the person in question. To submit to the absolute majority is to lose your identity, but to keep it is to face hostility and conflict. Of course, the situation that Assad presents us with is somewhat extreme. But whereas in most circumstances the differences among people might be treated with equal weight, within the boundaries of a nation deposit trying to forge a unifying identity, racial and ethnic identity does become more important.Britain, for example, present us with a multicultural society that incorporates a whole range of people from different ethnic, religious and economic backgrounds. But this does not mean that racial discrimination and intimidation does not occur. As Solomos (2003) argues, the long history of racial discrimination in Britain has light-emitting diode to political activists in all the main political parties, whose aim and purpose is to fight for the rights of ethnic minorities. Such developments galvanise people around their ethnicity and form new identities with which people differentiate themselves against others. The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in the 1980s were interested in precisely thisA major carry on of the group was the need to analyse the complex processes by which race is constructed as a well-disposed and political relation. They emphasised that the concept of race is not simply confined to a process of regulation operated by the state but that the meaning of race as a social bend is contested and fought over. In this sense they viewed race as an open political construction where the meaning of terms such as black are struggled over. Collective identities spoken through race, community and locality are, for all their spontaneity, right on means to coordinate action and create solidarity (Solomos 200328).Race can therefore be theorised not as a natural category or regulation of the state, but as a political construction where identity can be create in or der to fight for social justice. This political use of race argues that racial divisions in society are a cause of major differences in quality of life, and therefore racial identity is of much more importance than other factors. Such division can however cause greater resentment amongst different social groups and put more emphasis on difference than on similarity. patch positive discrimination by the dominant social group, in an onslaught to redress the power balance between different segments of society, can often enflame racial tautness. As Solomos (2003192) argues, anti-racists are often depicted as doing more harm to race relations than extreme rightwing fanatics. This is because they highlight racial differences and modify people between different racial identities. It could be argued however that anti-racists do not create racial tension, but merely highlight tension that is already there. In any case, the importance that race plays in workaday social life is clearly ev ident. Anwar (199899-100), for example, claims that racial discrimination against Asian people has been on the rise in recent years in Britain, and that in 1994 alone there were 170,000 instances of racially affectd crimes and threats, whilst an estimated 74 people have been killed by racist attacks between 1970 and 1989. Racial identity can motivate people not only to dislike and slander each other, but even to reach the extremes of violence and murder. With this in mind race is kinda obviously, although without any ultimate justification, the deciding factor in a persons identity in many social situations, overriding other factors such as gender, political affiliations or, very often, religion.Scott (2002) renders this assumption problematic however by researching the roots of racialism from a red ink perspective. Whilst race and racism clearly do have an important impact in social identity, this is for Scott a modern phenomenon with historically traceable roots. Scott argues t hat modern racism is intimately related with that of capitalism, and that whilst racism has always figured in societies in different forms, it is only with capitalism that it becomes a constant factor. Early slavery in the New World, for example, was badly made up from purity slaves from England before the large influx from the West Indies and Africa. The English ruling classes had no qualms about exploiting the white working classes, but in the end the demand for labour at home rendered the practice of shipping white slaves over to the Americas as inefficient. exploitation Blackburns analysis of racism and capitalism, Scott (2002167) argues that racism is linked to capitalist increment, national identity and the individualising of the populace.Its development was associated with several of those processes which have been held to define modernity the growth of instru psychological rationality, the rise of national sentiment and the nation-state, racialized perceptions of identit y, the spread of market relations and wage labor, the development of administrative bureaucracies and modern tax systems, the growing mundaneness of commerce and communication, the birth of consumer societies, the publication of newspapers and the beginnings of press advertising, action at a distance and an individualist sensibility (Blackburn in Scott (2002167).A further Marxist analysis might consider the influence that alienated labour has on divisive notions of race (see Manson 200020). For Marx, man becomes alienated from his labour in a capitalist society, because he no longer has any control over the intersection points of his labour. He therefore becomes reduced to an atomistic cog in a productive machine, alienated from his work and society. Pseudo-identities can then be formed and people coerced into assuming them to fill in the lack of meaning left wing by his lack of control over his social production. Furthermore, the crux of Marxist theory rests upon the notion that the class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it(Marx and Engels 197064). This means that it is the ruling economic class, which are the people who control the means of production, that disseminate ideas and values throughout the rest of society. Notions of race are therefore inherently linked with the prevailing ideas of capitalist production and the values and ideas that this produces.Whilst the Marxist analysis does not refute the existence of racism, nor can it cut through its powerful and destructive effects, it does suggest that the existence of racial discourse is the product of an underlying one, that of the capitalist economy. Whether this is correct or not, it does at least render problematic the notion that race is a distinct and unique form of identity. This also calls into quest ion whether or not race really is more important than other forms of identity, or whether its existence is part of an underlying form of identity production.

An Analysis Of Dantes Inferno English Literature Essay

An Analysis Of Dantes fossa English books EssayDantes Inferno represents a microcosm of society that is, laymen, clergy, whaprs, wagers of warf ar, politicians, and scholars atomic number 18 all undisturbed into un tingeled place and punish for their worst and roughly human attri preciselyes. crazy ho single-valued function, contempt its separateworldly appearance and brutal, ugly temper, is somewhat humanized by the fact that those who atomic number 18 punished come from any country (Dante 3.123) and every walk of life, disregarding of age, induce, sex, or creed. While Dante Alighieri did non invent the idea of Hell as a place of punishment for the wayward and sinful souls in the aft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)life, he did create the most powerful and enduring (Raffa 1) imagining of a concept which has induct signifi peckt attention in biblical, classical, and medieval works. Dantes noble Comedy was create verbally sometime mingled with 1308 and 1 321 and is considered the supreme work of Italian literature (Norwich 27). It is an heroical poem sh bed into trinity separate departments Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, respectively. The personal element of the travel through Hell in Dantes Inferno literally explores the descent of whizz man into sin through the use of poetic just drinking glass, some(prenominal) present-day(a) and historical figures, and mythological figures, Dante crafts an immediate and enthralling work dealing with the nature of sin and its place in society.The concept of poetic justice is gorgeously explored in Inferno, where it is put to dramatic effect devising appropriate torments for apiece particular sin (Raffa 3). From obliviousness to Treachery, Dante catalogues and documents the punishment of sinners some(prenominal) in storied and beloved, famous and un cognize. In every case, the punishment togs the crime in a perverted and malignant fashion later all, t he poem does discuss the realm of Satan, the Christian embodiment of evil. The nine circles of Hell signalized in Inferno atomic number 18 as follows Limbo, Lust, all overeating, Avarice and Prodigality, Wrath and Sullenness, Heresy, Violence, Fraud, and Treachery. These nine circles argon based take of the idea of the Seven Deadly Sins, with some additions such as Limbo created by Dante.The poem begins with Dante lost in a dark wood, assailed by third beasts he cannot evade, and unable to move straight along (Dante 1.18) the roadway to salvation, represented by a mountain. A lion, a leopard, and a she-wolf symbolize pride, envy, and avarice, respectively block Dantes path to the top of the mountain, forcing him to descend into the depths of Hell with Virgil. The stallion pilgrimage documented in the Divine Comedy is an allegory for mans glint into sin in advance achieving redemption (represented by Purgatorio) and eventually salvation (represented by Paradiso).Before Dan te even enters the gates of Hell, he is introduced to his guide for the prototypical 2 realms of the subsequentlylife, Inferno and Paradiso. For this role, Dante chose Virgil (70-19 BCE), who lived chthonic the rule of Julius Caesar and later Augustus during Romes transition from a commonwealth into an empire, and is most famous for the Aeneid. Two episodes in Virgils work were of particular bear on to Dante. decl argon IV tells the tale of Aeneas and Dido, the queen of Carthage, who kills herself when Aeneas abandons her to continue his journey and found a new civilization in Italy (Raffa 8). Book VI recounts Aeneas journey into blaze to meet the shade of his father and learn of future events in his journey. legion(predicate) elements in the Aeneid are present in heavily modified inning in Dantes Inferno. Many of Dantes mythological elements are based on Book VI of Virgils Aeneid, which recounts Aeneas visit to the underworld. Virgil imbued his version of the underworld w ith a fluid, dreamlike cash dispenser (5), spell Dante instead strives for greater realism, providing sharply drawn and tangible figures.after passing through the gateway to hell, marked ominously with the words throw unwrap EVERY HOPE, WHO ENTER HERE (Dante 3.9), Dante and Virgil witness a realm of funky people who lived without disgrace and without praise (3.17-35) on the periphery of the Inferno. In this realm, the deuce poets encounter the souls of those who lived such undistinguished and cowardly lives that they devote been cast out by Heaven and ref apply entry by Hell. These souls are force to race after a banner which never comes to a stop, and are stung repeatedly by f cunnings and wasps, their blood and tears nourishing the repel worms (3.69) at their feet. The punishment for these cowardly souls is clear just as in life they refused to be decisive and act, they now are barred from both eternal paradise and eternal damnation, and chase down a gesticulate banner w hich they will never be able to reach.Next, Dante and Virgil meet Charon, Hells leghorn. In the Aeneid, Charon is the pilot of the vessel that transports shades of the dead crosswise the waters into the underworld. In both works, he is an irritable old man with hair sporting with years (3.83) who objects to taking a living man (Aeneas, Dante) into the realm of the dead. In each case, the protagonists guide (the Sybil, Virgil) provides Charon the proper credentials, and their journey continues.In Limbo, the guiltless unlucky, formal non-Christian souls, and those who lived before the time of Christianity are punished. The idea of a place for souls who did not sin and yet lacked baptism (4.34-35) existed in Christian theology prior to Dante, just his vision is more(prenominal) than generous than most. Dante includes unbaptized babies, as well as notable non-Christian adults in his version of Limbo, which bears a resemblance to the Asphodel Meadows, a section of the Greek underw orld where indifferent and ordinary souls were sent to live after death. Dante suggests that those in Limbo are existence punished for their ignorance of deity by being forced to spend the afterlife in a inadequate form of Heaven eon certainly not as unholy as the other circles, Limbo is by no means a paradise.Dante encounters the classical poets Homer ( 8h or ninth century BCE), Horace (65-8 BCE), Ovid (43 BCE -17 CE), and Lucan (39-65 CE), who welcome support their comrade Virgil and honour Dante and one of their own (Dante 4.79-102). Philosophers Socrates and Aristotle also make appearances in Limbo as the shades of men renowned for their outstanding gifted achievements. Socrates (born ca. 470 BCE in A therefores) was a legendary teacher known for the rigorous method of questioning that characterizes the dialogues of Plato (ca. 428-ca. 347 BCE), who also appears. In addition, one notable non-Christian soul finds himself in Limbo, separated from the peace of mind Saladin, the distinguished military leader and Egyptian sultan who fought against the crusading armies of Europe yet was prize even by his enemies for his chivalry and magnanimity. Dantes tax write-off is that all virtuous non-Christians find themselves in Limbo.The Lustful are punished in the second circle by being blown about by a hellish hurricane, which never rests wheeling and pounding (5.31-33). Lust, for some(prenominal) of the inhabitants of this circle, led to the sin of adultery and in the cases of Dido, Cleopatra, Helen of Troy, and others a unwarranted death. The barbaric weaves are symbolic of lust, and represent the power it holds in affairs of dim passion and physical love.Lust contains the shades of many famous lovers Semiramis, Dido, Paris, Achilles, and Tristan, among others. Semiramis was a powerful Assyrian queen alleged to ave been so perverse that she even make incest a legal practice (Raffa 27) Dido, queen of Carthage and widow of Sychaeus, committed self-anni hilation after her lover Aeneas abandoned her (Virgil IV) Paris later died during the Trojan war Achilles was the most formidable (Raffa 27) Greek hero in the war against the Trojans, who was killed by Paris (according to medieval accounts) netly, Tristan was the nephew of king Mark of Cornwall who fell in love in Iseult (Marks fiancee) and was killed by Marks poisoned arrow.Minos, the one who judges and assigns (Dante 5.6) the souls during their descent into Hell, is an amalgam of figures from classical sources, completed with several personal touches from Dante. He is a gang of two figures of the same name, one the grandfather of the other, both rulers of Crete. The elder Minos was admired for his wisdom and the laws of his kingdom. The second Minos imposed a harsh penalty on the Athenians (who had killed his son Androgeos), demanding an annual tribute of quaternityteen youths (seven boys and seven girls), who were sacrificed to the Minotaur, which appears later in Inferno. Mi nos long tail which he wraps around himself, that marks the sinners level (Dante 5.11-12) is Dantes invention.Gluttony is punished in the third circle. The souls of the damned lie in a vile, grimy slush brought about by cold, unending, heavy, and accursed rain (6.7-8). These motive gluttons lie sightless and heedless of their neighbours, symbolizing their cold, selfish, and unoccupied pursuit of hedonism and empty sensuality. The slush, representative of overindulgence and sensuality, serves to cut one off from both the out of doors world and from Gods deliverance.Gluttonous individuals of note include a Florentine present-day(a) of Dantes, identified as Ciacco ( pig in Italian). Ciacco speaks to Dante regarding the political conflict in the urban center of Florence between two rival parties, the White and Black Guelphs, and predicts the charge of the White Guelphs, Dantes company. This event did indeed occur, and would lead to Dantes own exile in 1302. As the poem is set in the year 1300, before Dantes exile, he uses the events of his own life to illustrate the unique ability of shades in Inferno to predict the future, a theme which is returned to later in the poem.Cerberus, view asian of Gluttony, is similar to the beast of Greek mythology. In the Aeneid, Virgil describes Cerberus the three-headed dog which guards the debut to the classical underworld as loud, huge, and terrifying. Dantes Cerberus displays similar canine qualities his three throats produce a deafening bark, and he eagerly devours the fistful of shite Virgil throws into his mouths like a dog intent on its meal. Cerberus bloodred (6.16) eyes, greasy, menacing (6.16) beard, and large gut link him to the gluttonous spirits whom he tears, flays, and rends (6.18) with his claw pass on.The Avaricious and the Prodigal are punished together in the twenty-five percent circle. Avarice, or greed, is one of the inequities that most incurs Dantes scorn and wrath (Raffa 37). Prodigality is d efined as the opposite of Avarice that is, the trait of excessive spending. Both separates are forced to incessantly joust with one another, using cumbersome pitfall w eightsomes as weapons. They call out to each other Why do you hoard? Why do you squander? (Dante 7.30). Here Dante describes the punishment of both extremes, criticizing excessive desire for and against the possession of material goods using the classical dogma of moderation.In the 5th circle, the Wrathful and the Sullen are punished. The wrothful repugn each other eternally on the surface of the river Styx, which runs darker than deep purpurate (7.103), while the sullen lie gurgling beneath the water. Dante describes how the Wrathful combat one another They struck each other not with workforce alone, but with their heads and chests and with their feet, and tore each other piecemeal with their teeth (7.112-114). The wrathful are damned to eternally struggle and fight without direction or purpose, while the s ullen have withdrawn into a black sulkiness from which they can find joy in neither God nor life.In the one- fifth circle, Filippo Argenti, a prominent Florentine and a Black Guelph, calls to Dante. A impetuous character (Raffa 40), little is known regarding Filippo except what transpires in Inferno. He quarrels with Dante, lays his hands upon the boat the poets travel on, and is eventually torn apart by his wrathful cohorts. The two men were political opponents, but Dantes behaviour towards Filippo indicates a more personal grievance. Perhaps he had humiliated Dante in life, or had taken some part of Dantes property after his exile from the city.Phlegyas is the solitary boatman (Dante 8.17) who transports Dante and Virgil in his boat across the Styx, the circle of the wrathful and sullen. He was known in Greek mythology for his impetuous behaviour in a fit of rabidity, Phlegyas set fire to the temple of Apollo because the god had raped his daughter Apollo forthwith slew him in response. Phlegyas appears in Virgils underworld as an admonition against demo contempt for the gods (Virgil 6.618-620), a role which he reprises in Inferno.Between the fifth and sixsometh circles lie the walls of Dis, the fortressed city of Lower Hell (Raffa 39). The fallen angels who guard the gates of Dis refuse entry to the two poets, requiring the arrival of a messenger from Heaven to open the gate for them. Dante designates all of Lower Hell circles six through nine, where the most serious of sins are punished as the walled city of Dis, with its grave citizens, its great battalions (Dante 8.69). The first five circles, which exist outside of Dis, are collectively known as Upper Hell, as they are where the lesser sins are punished.With the appearance of the three infernal (9.38) Furies, who threaten to call on Medusa, Virgils credibility and Dantes survival appear to be at risk. Furies were often invoked in Virgils classical world to exact revenge on behalf of offended ven omous and gods. Medusas hair was turned into snakes by an angry Minerva after Medusa make love with Neptune in the goddesss temple, and became too horrifying to look at without being turned to stone. Dante describes Medusa as the Queen of never-ending lamentation (9.44). The Furies name calling evil supposition (Allecto), evil words (Tisiphone), and evil deeds (Magaera) (9.45-48) describe the three manifestations of sin, which can turn people to stone by qualification them obstinate cultivators of earthly things (Raffa 41).Heretics are punished inside the walls of Dis, in a spreading plain of lamentation and atrocious pain (Dante 9.110-111) resembling a cemetery. The ordinal circle contains souls trapped and enclosed in fiery grave accents for failing to recall in God and the afterlife. Since they did not believe in Hell, the Heretics are punished by being sealed away from it in the most tart possible way inside a flaming sepulchre.Among the tombstones of the sixth circle, Da nte encounters more Italian contemporaries. A pair of Epicurian Florentines are disocvered sharing a tomb Farinata degli Uberti, a Ghibelline and Cavalcante de Cavalcanti, a fellow Guelph and the father of Guido Cavalcanti, Dantes fellow poet and closest friend. Farinata is an fearful figure, rising out of his inflamed sepulchre from the waist up and considerming to have great contempt for Hell (10.31-36). As the leader of the Ghibellines, Farinata was an adversary to the Guelphs, the party of Dantes ancestors. Farinata declares that his colleagues would have annihilated Florence (10.92), had he not interceded forcefully, an act which has earn him Dantes respect. Cavalcante was an enemy to the Ghibellines, like Dante, and married his son Guido to Farinatas daughter in rate to foster peace between the two parties. Dantes best friend, Guido Cavalcanti, was a poet who held the philosophic belief that love is a dark force which leads yet to misadventure and death. Therefore, Ca valcantes appearance in Hell might be more a matter of guilt by association to his sons worldview than any kind of face on himself.The Minotaur is the guardian and mythological symbol for the one-seventh circle, Violence. At the sight of Dante and Virgil, the minotaur reacts like one whom fury devastates within (12.15), and his frenzied bucking allows the travellers to proceed un aggrieveed. The Minotaur is a physical manifestation of violence in Inferno almost every part of the Minotaurs story, from its creation to its demise, contains some form of violence (Raffa 55).The sinners in the seventh circle are divided into three groups the violent against people and property, the violent against themselves, and the violent against God and nature (Dante 11.28-33). The first group comprised of assassins and murderers, among others are immersed in Phlegethon, a bloodred, boiling (12.101) river of blood and fire, up to a level competent with their sins (12.73-75). Because they committed s uch acts of bloodshed and destruction in their lives, they are punished by being immersed in a river of that which they have spilt. The second group the suicides are transformed into knotted, gnarled (13.5) thorny bushes and trees, which are fed upon by Harpies. These souls have take forn away their physical bodies through suicide, and are forced to maintain treelike forms. These suffering trees cannot speak until Dante accidentally injures one and causes it to bleed. Dante uses the soul-trees as a metaphor for the state of mind which leads to self-harm and suicide. Finally, the third group blasphemers and sodomites house in a desert of sand, fire and brimstone fall from the sky. The blasphemers lie down upon the sand, the usurers recline, and the sodomites wander seemingly aimlessly in huddling groups, all while being burned by distended flakes of fire (14.28-29). This symbolizes how those who act violently against God and that which God has provided are perpetually unable to fi nd peace and value in their lives.Among those immersed in Phlegethon is Alexander the Great, submerged up to his eyebrows in blood. He suffers for his written report as a cruel, bloodthirsty man who inflicted great harm upon the world and its peoples. In the forest of suicides, Dante hears the tale of Pier delle Vigne, who killed himself after falling out of favour with Emperor Frederick II (Dante 13.64-69). Dante encounters his mentor, Brunetto Latini, among the sodomites. Surprised and touched by this encounter, Dante shows Brunetto great respect and admiration, thus refuting suggestions that the poet Dante placed nevertheless his enemies in Hell (15.43-45).The Centaurs are men from the waist up with the lower bodies of horses (Raffa 55) who guard the river Phlegethon. Thousands of centaurs guard the bank of the river, using bows and arrows to keep damned souls submerged. In classical mythology, Centaurs are best known for their uncouth, violent behaviour. Chiron, leader of th e Centaurs, enjoyed a favourable reputation as the sage tutor of both Hercules and Achilles. Pholus and Nessus the Centaurs assigned to escort Dante and Virgil have fully earned their negative reputations, however Pholus who Virgil describes as full of rage (Dante 12.72) had been killed when a fight broke out during a wedding after he and his fellow centaurs attempted to carry off the bride and several other girls, and Nessus was killed by Hercules with a poison arrow for attempting to rape the heros wife, Deinira, after Hercules entrusted him with carrying her across a river (12.67-69).The penultimate circle as well as the most detailed is Fraud, which Dante describes as a place in Hell do all of stone the colour of crude iron (18.1-2). This circle is divided up into ten smaller pockets panderers and seducers, flatterers, simonists, sorcerers, barrators, hypocrites, thieves, fraudulent advisers and evil councillors, sowers of discord, and falsifiers. Panderers (pimps) and seducers march eternally in opposite directions, lashed cruelly (18.36) by demons. Just as they used passion and seduction to bend others to their will, they are now themselves driven by hellish demons. Flatterers exploited other people using language, therefore, they are plunged in excrement (18.113), representing the false words they produced. Simonists payed for positions of power within the Catholic Church, and are placed upside-down into holes in the floor, with both soles of their feet on fire (9.25). The holes into which their heads are planted resemble baptismal fonts, used in several sacred rituals a constant reminder of the corrupt nature of their former positions in the church. Sorcerers, astrologers, and false prophets have had their heads twisted toward their haunches (20.13) so that they can not see what is ahead of them. This symbolizes the twisted nature of magic in general specifically, it refers to the use of forbidden means to see into the future. Dante felt particularly unforgiving towards politicians after his exile from Florence, thus, corrupt politicians (barrators) are immersed in a stew of gummed pitch (21.8). Their punishment represents the sticky fingers, corrupt deals, and dark secrets inherent in positions of political power. The hypocrites listlessly walk with lagging steps, in circles, with features tired and get the better of (23.59-60), wearing leaden cloaks, representing the falsity behind the appearance of their actions. This falsity literally weighs these souls down and renders any sort of progress impossible. The thieves are pursued and attacked by lizards and snakes, their bites causing them to undergo various transformations (24-25). Just as they stole in life, their very human identity becomes subject to theft in Hell. dishonest advisers and evil councillors are encased within individual pyres. These individuals did not give false advice out of ignorance rather, Dante refers to rhetoric used by talented people for perniciou s ends (Raffa 99). In life, they caused those whom they advised to do ill without dirtying their own hands now they are punished alone in their fires. The sowers of discord are hacked apart, their bodies dividing as in life they caused division among others. Their wounds are quickly healed, only to have themselves hacked apart again (Dante 28.139-142). Dante considers falsifiers (alchemists, counterfeiters, perjurers, and impersonators) a disease upon society, and their corrupting lure is reflected in their diseased bodies and minds (Raffa 99) in the tenth pouch.In the eighth circle, Dante meets a number of notably fraudulent individuals. Venedico Caccianemico, who sold his own sister to the Marchese dEste, is recognised among the pimps in the first pouch, despite his attempts to avoid detection (Dante 18.40-60). In the fifth ditch, the thief Vanni Fucci is burnt to ashes before being reincarnated Agnel blends together with a reptilian Cianfa and Buoso exchanges forms with Frances co. Vanni Fucci was a black Guelph from Pistoia, a town not far from rival Florence Dante says he knew Vanni as a man of blood and anger (Dante 24.129). Agnel is thought to be Agnello Dei Brunelleschi, a man who joined the white Guelphs Dante s party but then switched to the black faction when they came to power. Both he and Cianfa are renowned for their thievery. Buoso stole while serving in public office, then arranged for Francesco de Cavalcanti to take over and steal on his behalf. In the eighth pit, Ulysses and Diomedes are condemned for the deception of the Trojan Horse, luring Achilles into the war effort, and stealing a statue of genus Athene from Troy (26.58-63). Dante encounters the schismatic prophet Muhammad the poet views Islam as an off-shoot from Christianity, and similarly condemns Ali, Muhammads son-in-law, for the schism between Sunni and Shiite Muslims (28.22-33).The Malebranche ( Evil claws in Italian) are the devils of the fifth pocket of circle eight who bring to Hell the shades of corrupt political officials and employees. They are agile, smart, and rocky (Raffa 77), they are armed with long hooks, which they use to keep the shades under the surface of the black pitch (Dante 21.55-57). It is likely that the names Dante coined for individual demons ( stinky Dog, Sneering Dragon, Curly Beard, etc.) are based on actual family names of civic leaders in Florence and the surrounding towns.The Giants physically connect circles eight and nine standing on the floor of circle nine, they tower over the inner ledge of circle eight with the upper halve of their vast bodies. They are archetypal examples of defiant rebels Nimrod, who attempted to build the Tower of Babel before it was knocked down by God and his people were scattered Ephialtes, who fought against Jove and the other lofty gods and Antaeus, whose relationship with the titans who stormed Mt. Olympus damned him, despite the fact that he was born after his brothers had waged war against the gods. Nimrod has been punished by being forced to speak an unaccountable language that is, his language is as strange to others as theirs is to him. Ephialtes, like the rest of the titans who challenged the gods, is immobilized with heavy chains. Antaeus is not given any exceptional punishment, for he is only guilty by association. It is Antaeus who assists Virgil and Dante by lowering them down to the ninth circle, after being enticed by Virgil with the prospect of eternal fame upon Dantes return to the world (31.115-129).The final circle is Treachery, a frozen lake at the centre of Hell, which is divided into four Rounds Ca?na, Antenora, Ptolomaea, and Judecca. In Ca?na, traitors to their kindred are immersed in ice up to their faces. In Antenora, traitors to political entities are located similarly in the ice. In Ptolomaea, traitors to their guests are punished, lying on their backs in the ice, with only their faces uncovered. In Judecca, the traitors to their lords and bene factors are completely encapsulated in ice, distorted in pain.In the first round of Treachery, Dante encounters Mordred, who attacked his uncle King Arthur and was pierced mortally by Arthurs lance (Dante 32.61-62). In the second round, Count Ugolino pauses from his ceaseless assault upon the head of his rival, Archbishop Ruggieri, to tell Dante how Ruggieri confined and killed him with his children. This story, the longest single episode related by a damned soul in Inferno, serves as Dantes final dramatic representation of mankinds electrical capacity for evil and cruelty. Fra Alberigo, who had his brother killed at a banquet, explains a key conceit of Dantes Inferno sometimes, a soul falls into Hell before they have actually died. Their earthly bodies are possessed by demons, so what appears to be a walking, living man is actually beyond the point of remorse (33.134-147).Finally, Lucifer the emperor of the despondent kingdom (34.28) lies at the centre of the Inferno. As ugly a s he once was beautiful (34.34-36), Lucifer is a wretched contrast with his limited autonomy and mobility. Lucifers three faces (black, yellow, and red) parody the doctrine of the Holy Trinity three persons (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) in one presage nature the Divine Power, Highest Wisdom, and Primal Love which also created the gates of Hell, and, by extension, the entire realm of eternal damnation. His flapping wings generate the wind that keeps lake at the centre of Hell frozen, while his three mouths chew on the shade-bodies of the three archtraitors Judas, Brutus, and Cassius the gore mixing with tears gushing out of his three sets of eyes (34.53-57).Dantes Inferno heralded a revolution in Christian theology through its innovative use of poetic justice, historical and contemporary figures, and classical mythology. By combining these disparate elements into a single, cohesive poem, Dante in effect changed the way the Western world imagined the afterlife and Hell in particular. By focusing on the details of the scenes and the identities of those whom the fictional Dante converses with, Inferno illustrates a horrifyingly real and immediate vision of Hell, one which has persisted at least in some part to this day. By focusing on the personal journey of one man through the afterlife, the focus of the narrative is shifted onto the reader, who can intimately identify with Dante as the first-person narrator. While the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Divine Comedy Dantes exile from Florence, his fall from political grace, and his eventual death before long after the completion of his magnum opus are rather tragic, they all give to Dantes work in a way which colours the text and gives it a personality and passion which is still felt to this day. For seven hundred years, Inferno has elicited strong responses from its readers from fascination to revulsion and everything in between (Raffa 5). disregarding as to the readership, the response to Inferno has been, and will continue to be, anything but apathetic.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Drug Brands by Doctors

Factors Affecting the Choice of Drug dirts by DoctorsThis fashion for proposal explores the factors affecting the choice of branded drugs in India. Indian pharmaceutic trade is unique due the presence of more than 60000 branded generic wine drugs. The doctors are spoilt for choice of brand. Hence it is important to find come on the factors which affect the prescription of drugs to help both doctors and pharmaceutic companies serve patients better. literary productions REVIEWINDUSTRY OVERVIEWPharmaceutical industry in India is now the triplet largest and 14th largest in the world in terms of volume and value, respectively. The add together turnover of Indias pharmaceuticals industry for year ending September 2009 was US$ 21.04 meg with the domestic market contri excepting US$ 12.26 billion. 1Due to the expansion of nerve and higher middle income groups in the country, a potential US $ 8 billion market of high cost drugs is expected to emerge by 2015. It is also expected tha t domestic pharmaceutical market will bear on US $ 20 billion by 2015. This will make India a lucrative destination for various pharmaceutical giants. Another factor aiding this campaign of multinational companies to India is the evolution of low cost drug policy and stagnancy of western market. The pharmaceutical industry has gr admit at the rate of 12 per cent (CAGR) for the past few years, but this will accelerate soon. 1.India is among the worlds preeminent five Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients producers. Indian firms produce about 60,000 generic brands servicing 60 therapeutic categories. This is a unique characteristic of Indian pharmaceutical market as compared to the foreign markets where either Researched Brands or generic drugs are prescribed. These different brand names wee a dilemma for the medical professionals while writing prescriptions.MARKETING BY PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIESThe popular process of selling involving the following steps is also applicable in case o f generating required prescriptions.UnawarenessAwarenessInterest Evaluation run Prescriptions Repeat PrescriptionsThe most cost effective ways of generating interest among doctors and consumers for hot drugs are advertisements and public similes techniques. 2 While getting repeat prescriptions requires genesis of involvement. Hence majority of spending goes towards direct-to-doctor (DTD) promotion. Among advertising, detailing (visits from gross r sluiceue representatives), direct mail, sales promotion, publicity and public relations, detailing contributes the most for doctors as well as a strategy for pharmaceutical companies. It is the only technique which offer be use for all drugs according to Indian FDA regulations. Only Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs base be advertised publicly in the Indian market.Key findings of question show a high level of interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession.86% receive medical samples frequently39% receive desk g ifts19% receive invitations to congresses12% receive free lunchesone-half of the doctors believe that receiving benefits from the pharmaceutical industry has an make for on medical prescription, but only 27% accept this as influential in their own prescriptions. 3GIFTSGiving gifts (such as pens to expensive foreign holidays) to doctors is one of the most leafy vegetable techniques used by pharmaceutical companies. These companies are working on relation of reciprocity technique. In country like India, where a lot of sizeableness is feed inn to relationships, doctors on receiving gifts feel obliged to return the favour by prescribing the respective brands.SALES REPRESENTATIVESThe important job of Pharmaceutical sales representatives is to bring over the doctors to prescribe their products. Along with that they also deal with the channel partners like chemists, wholesalers and even hospitals and other medical service agencies. Hence they choose the potential to influence the bu ying of drugs at every stage.During their visits to the doctors they can customize the product crack based on the doctor profile and the types of patients that consult the doctor. They build relationships with the doctors and supplement it to extract maximum sales from that contact. They use all the selling skills to move the doctors about the superiority of their products. They also act as the channel for the exchanging information. legion(predicate) times this involves controlling the information that reaches the doctors as these representatives have become the main source of information about new research and products that hit the market every day. They increase the visibility of their products by continuously reminding and distribution of the gifts cerebrate to their products. All these activities influence the prescription habits of the doctors.One of the survey results showed that84% of GPs considered pharmaceutical representatives as an efficient source of information31% said they office change their therapeutic prescribing following visits from representatives 4ADVERTISINGDirect advertisement by dint of mass media is restricted to OTC drugs. These are directed to end consumers i.e. the patients as well as channel partners. These can also be used to impart information without use of particular brand names and to create awareness for public benefit.Many times advertisements become counterproductive by encroaching into the doctors space of providing treatment pick outions creating discontent among doctors.PRICESThe concern is that pharmaceutical companies selling has led to woeful people paying for branded products that cost a lot more than the much cheaper generic but have petty(a) or no additional medical value. The poor patients cannot afford the master researched brands. Hence the many branded generic drugs fill in the unfilled left by these pharmaceutical companies. The decision is left to the doctors whether the patient can afford the m edication or to find out the one which is affordable. real patients perceive the effect of costlier drug to be more than the cheaper one. The doctors need to look into the psyche of the patient before deciding which drug to recommend.BRANDING majority of the doctors use brand names except in hospital mountain where the brand is decided by pharmacy. There are various factors that go by to prescription of a branded drug than a generic drug.Brand names are shorter and easier to remember thus get a gustatory modality over generic drugs in a prescription. E.g. On given a choice of S-3-aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid (36 letters) or Lyrica (6 letters), it is most in all likelihood that doctors will opt for the latter being less complicated. 5Another common argument for prescribing a brand name is that it avoids patient confusion, as patients are most likely to use brand names for identifying drugs and usually have a poor knowledge of corresponding generic names. 6Other issues such a s the calibre and bioequivalence of generic substitutes are often mentioned. Availability, Sampling, Packaging, Continued Medical Education syllabus and free disease detection camps are the factors that are to be evaluated upon. inquiry METHODOLOGYOBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo study the factors affecting the decision of doctors while prescribing a productTo recommend appropriate marketing strategies to Pharmaceutical companies as per customer needsTo explore customer (physicians) needs wants from a pharmaceutical phonerTIME FRAMEThe research shall be completed in 8 months time frame (Design and Sampling 2 months, Data Collection 4 months, Data Analysis and Reporting 2 months)SCOPE OF THE STUDY excogitate is limited to doctors in major cities of India creditS OF DATAPRIMARY SOURCEThe tec has to collect data through mail or telephonic discourse by getting questionnaire filled up from elect doctorsSECONDARY SOURCEThe researcher has to refer to various Pharmaceutical and Marketing J ournals, Magazines, Reports websitesSAMPLE surface1000 Physicians have been chosen from across major cities in India try out METHODRandom purposeful Sampling Method20 Cities have been randomly selected50 Physicians have been randomly selected from each cityCities chosen areDelhi NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Pune, Chandigarh, Patna, Guwahati, Bhopal, Itanagar, Raipur, Ranchi, Panaji, Jaipur, BhubaneswarTOOL OF ANALYSISData collected from different sources has to be tabulated.Percentage and Average method has been applied to analyze data.LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCHThe hear size chosen may not be enough to give a true representation of the total population.The research only encompasses metros and A-Tier cities.